Ohio History Central - New pages [en]

Nicholas F. De Vore

2013-05-23T19:59:23Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Nicholas Fernando De Vore was a businessman and an abolitionist in Brown County, Ohio.</p> <p>De Vore's birth date and birthplace remain unknown, but his parents were born..."

<p>Nicholas Fernando De Vore was a businessman and an abolitionist in Brown County, Ohio.</p>
<p>De Vore's birth date and birthplace remain unknown, but his parents were born in New Jersey. At twenty years of age, De Vore became a peddler, selling clocks in both the South and in the Midwest. He soon accumulated enough money to purchase several boats. He used the vessels to transport crops for farmers who lived along the Mississippi River and its tributaries in the Deep South. </p>
<p>On October 18, 1832, De Vore married Hestor West, who resided near Decatur, Illinois. The couple moved to Russelville, Ohio, where Nicholas De Vore continued to earn his living shipping goods by boat. He transported products between Portsmouth, Ohio and Cincinnati, Ohio at this time. De Vore also opened a tavern and eventually became a farmer. In 1846, the De Vore family purchased a farm near Ripley, Ohio. De Vore also operated a ferry across the Ohio River at Ripley. In addition to these exploits, De Vore also invested in two turnpikes that passed through and operated two banks in Ripley. De Vore also established the town of Hestoria, Ohio, which he named in his wife's honor. </p>
<p>Besides his numerous economic pursuits, De Vore was also active on the Underground Railroad. He commonly transported fugitive slaves across the Ohio River on his various ferryboats. De Vore typically sent his charges to John Rankin, who was, perhaps, Ripley's most famous abolitionist. With the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, abolitionists who assisted fugitive slaves in attaining freedom faced heavy fines and jail time for their actions. To avoid these penalties, De Vore began to transport fewer runaways across the Ohio River. He, however, commonly left food on his front porch for hungry fugitives, allowing him to claim that the runaways stole the food and that he was not helping them gain their freedom. </p>
<p>De Vore died on April 19, 1884.                      </p>
<p>De Vore represents the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century. While many Northern states had provisions outlawing slavery, runaway slaves did not necessarily gain their freedom upon arriving in a free state. Federal law permitted slaveowners to reclaim their runaway slaves. Some slaves managed to escape their owners on their own, while others sometimes received assistance from sympathetic Northerners, such as De Vore.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[John Rankin]]
*[[Abolitionists]]
*[[Runaway Slaves]]
*[[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Ohio River]]
*[[Portsmouth, Ohio]]
*[[Turnpikes]]
*[[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]]
*[[Underground Railroad]]
*[[Brown County]]
*[[Portsmouth, Ohio]]
*[[Rankin House]]
</div>

==References==
<div class="referencesText">
#"Alma DeVore Letter to Wilbur Siebert, Aug. 27, 1948." The Wilbur H. Siebert Underground Railroad Collection. The Ohio Historical Society. Columbus, OH. (http://cdm267401.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/siebert&CISOPTR=5942&REC=11)
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

William Stephenson

2013-05-23T19:58:33Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>William Stephenson was a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Logan County, Ohio.</p> <p>Little is known of William Stephenson's life. He was born on March 19, 1804. H..."

<p>William Stephenson was a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Logan County, Ohio.</p>
<p>Little is known of William Stephenson's life. He was born on March 19, 1804. He eventually married Leweza B. Stephenson. In all likelihood, the Stephensons were members of the Society of Friends. The couple eventually settled in Logan County, near Rushsylvania. William Stephenson earned his living as a farmer.</p>
<p>The Stephensons opposed slavery. They actively assisted fugitive slaves in attaining their freedom on the Underground Railroad. The Stephenson home contained a secret door into the basement, where the Stephensons hid the runaway slaves. Sometimes the fugitives also hid in a cave or under a rock bridge on the Stephenson property. Stephenson died on May 18, 1895.</p>
<p>William Stephenson represents the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century. While many Northern states had provisions outlawing slavery, runaway slaves did not necessarily gain their freedom upon arriving in a free state. Federal law permitted slaveowners to reclaim their runaway slaves. Some slaves managed to escape their owners on their own, while others sometimes received assistance from sympathetic Northerners, such as Stephenson.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Society of Friends]]
*[[Runaway Slaves]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Underground Railroad]]
*[[Logan County]]
*[[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]]
*[[Abolitionists]]
*[[http://www.logancountymuseum.org/underground_rr.htm Secret and Dangerous - Finding Freedom in Canada]]
</div>

==References==
<div class="referencesText">
#Siebert, Wibur H. <em>The Underground Railroad: From Slavery to Freedom</em>. New York: Russell & Russell, 1898.
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Ozem Gardner

2013-05-23T19:58:04Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Ozem Gardner was a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Franklin County, Ohio.</p> <p>Gardner came to Franklin County from Ostego County, New York in 1817. He first wo..."

<p>Ozem Gardner was a conductor on the Underground Railroad in Franklin County, Ohio.</p>
<p>Gardner came to Franklin County from Ostego County, New York in 1817. He first worked as a brick mason, helping to construct many of the early buildings in Columbus, Ohio and Worthington, Ohio. Gardner eventually accumulated enough wealth to purchase sixty-five acres of land in Sharon Township, in Franklin County. Gardner continued to work as a brick mason, as well as farmed his land. Gardner continued to live on this land until his death in 1880.</p>
<p>Besides his brick work, Gardner was also active in the anti-slavery movement. He was a member of the Worthington Anti-slavery Society and also opened his home to fugitive slaves seeking freedom on the Underground Railroad. Purportedly more than two hundred runaway slaves found safety under Gardner's care. Gardner housed the slaves in a small dugout enclosure in the bank of the creek that flowed through his property or in his actual home. The infant child of one of his wards supposedly died and was buried in the basement of Gardner's home.</p>
<p>Gardner represents the growing tensions over slavery between Northerners and Southerners during the early nineteenth century. While many Northern states had provisions outlawing slavery, runaway slaves did not necessarily gain their freedom upon arriving in a free state. Federal law permitted slaveowners to reclaim their runaway slaves. Some slaves managed to escape their owners on their own, while others sometimes received assistance from sympathetic Northerners, such as Gardner.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Runaway Slaves]]
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Worthington, Ohio]]
*[[Underground Railroad]]
*[[Franklin County]]
*[[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]]
*[[Http://www.worthingtonmemory.org/WorthingtonMemorySearchResultsCategory.cfm?ID=255&tn=1&category=subject&Subject2Content=Underground%20Railroad%20Ohio%20Worthington Underground Railroad Ohio Worthington]]
</div>

==References==
<div class="referencesText">
#Siebert, Wibur H. <em>The Underground Railroad: From Slavery to Freedom</em>. New York: Russell & Russell, 1898.
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

David L. Nickens

2013-05-23T19:57:29Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>David Leroy Nickens was probably the first African American to be ordained as a minister in Ohio.</p> <p>Nickens was born a slave in Virginia in 1794. It is unclear how Ni..."

<p>David Leroy Nickens was probably the first African American to be ordained as a minister in Ohio.</p>
<p>Nickens was born a slave in Virginia in 1794. It is unclear how Nickens attained his freedom, but by 1806, he and his parents had moved to Chillicothe, Ohio. Nickens received an education in Cincinnati, Ohio, returning to Chillicothe as an adult. </p>
<p>In 1824, Nickens helped found the First Regular African Baptist Church of Christ of Chillicothe, the predecessor of the First Anti-slavery Baptist Church and of the First Baptist Church. This church was originally an African-American church. Nickens served as one of the church's earliest pastors, becoming probably the first ordained African-American pastor in Ohio in October 1824. The church and its members were committed to ending slavery and actively assisted runaway slaves in escaping along the Underground Railroad. Illustrating the desire to end slavery, during the 1830s, the congregation changed the church's name to the First Anti-slavery Baptist Church of Chillicothe. Nickens, himself, hid runaway slaves in his home in Chillicothe.</p>
<p>In 1836, Nickens and his family moved to Cincinnati. Here, Nickens helped found the African Union Baptist Church. He served as this church's lead pastor until his death in 1838. The African Union Baptist Church formed due to discrimination that African Americans faced in Cincinnati's predominantly white churches. The African Union Baptist Church was the first African-American church in Cincinnati.</p>
<p>Nickens illustrates the prejudice that existed in Ohio during the years before the American Civil War. Ohio was a state that did not allow slavery. Nevertheless, that did not mean that whites were open to granting African Americans equal rights. Free blacks found that it was difficult to get fair treatment, and they often formed their own communities and institutions away from whites.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[American Civil War]]
*[[African Americans]]
*[[Baptist Church]]
*[[Runaway Slaves]]
*[[Chillicothe, Ohio]]
*[[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Underground Railroad]]
*[[First Regular African Baptist Church of Christ of Chillicothe]]
*[[First Baptist Church (Chillicothe, Ohio)]]
*[[First Anti-slavery Baptist Church (Chillicothe, Ohio)]]
*[[http://www.chillicotheinfo.com/page.php?ID=2556 Area Church Histories]]
</div>

==References==
<div class="referencesText">
#Taylor, Nikki Marie. <em>Frontiers of Freedom: Cincinnati's Black Community, 1802-1868</em>. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2005.
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Huey Long

2013-05-23T19:55:13Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>test</p>Category:History People"

<p>test</p>[[Category:History People]]

John A. Copeland Jr.

2013-05-23T19:53:50Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>John Anthony Copeland, Jr., was an African-American man. He participated in John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry in October 1859.</p> <p>Copeland was born to free parents i..."

<p>John Anthony Copeland, Jr., was an African-American man. He participated in John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry in October 1859.</p>
<p>Copeland was born to free parents in North Carolina, probably in 1834. In 1842, his family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, hoping to escape the racism of the American South. Copeland eventually enrolled in and graduated from Oberlin College. He also became actively involved in the abolitionist movement.</p>
<p>In 1858, Copeland participated in the Oberlin-Wellington Rescue Case. On September 13, a federal marshal in Oberlin arrested a runaway slave named John Price. Under the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, the federal government was required to assist slaveholders in reclaiming their runaway slaves. The marshal knew that many Oberlin residents were committed to abolitionism. To avoid conflict with local people, he took Price to nearby Wellington. As soon as Oberlin residents heard of the marshal's actions, a group of them, including Copeland, went to Wellington. There, they joined like-minded residents of the Wellington community and attempted to free Price. The marshal and his deputies took refuge in a local hotel. After peaceful negotiations failed, the mob stormed the hotel and found Price in the attic. The group immediately returned Price to Oberlin, where they hid him in the home of Oberlin College's president. A short time later, they took Price to freedom in Canada. </p>
<p>A federal grand jury indicted thirty-seven of the people, including Copeland, who freed Price. Ohio authorities responded by arresting the federal marshal, his deputies, and other men involved in John Price's detention. Following negotiations between state and federal officials, the arresting officers were set free, as were thirty-five of those arrested under the federal charges. Only two of those indicted went to trial. Simeon Bushnell and Charles Langston were found guilty in federal court in April 1859. Bushnell received a sentence of sixty days in jail, while Langston's punishment was set at twenty days. </p>
<p>Following the dropping of charges, Copeland became involved with John Brown, a famous abolitionist and resident of Ohio. Copeland's uncle, Lewis Sheridan Leary, recruited his nephew to join Brown. In 1859, Brown was responsible for one of the most important events that led to the American Civil War. On October 16, Brown led a group of twenty-one men, including Copeland and Leary, on a raid of Harper's Ferry, Virginia (modern-day West Virginia). A federal arsenal was in the town, and Brown hoped to capture the buildings and the weapons stored inside of them. He then intended to distribute the guns and ammunition to slaves in the region, creating an army of African Americans that would march through the South and force slaveholders to release their slaves. Brown and his men succeeded in capturing the arsenal, but local residents surrounded the buildings, trapping the abolitionists inside. A detachment of United States Marines arrived and stormed the arsenal on October 18, capturing seven men, including Brown. Locals had captured Copeland two days earlier as he tried to flee from Harper's Ferry. </p>
<p>The state of Virginia charged Brown, Copeland, and the other detainees with treason. During this time, slave states commonly accused people who encouraged or led slave rebellions of treason against the state. The court found Brown guilty and sentenced him to death. On December 2, 1859, Brown was hanged. Copeland was also found guilty, and he was executed by hanging on December 16, 1859. Brown and his followers became martyrs for many Northerners. Some of these people feared that the United States had become a government dominated by Southern slave owners. Many white Southerners became convinced that all abolitionists shared Brown's views and his willingness to utilize violence. Brown's Harper's Ferry raid raised issues for the presidential election of 1860. It was also one of the events that led to the eventual dissolution of the United States and the civil war that followed. </p>
<p>Copeland's family never recovered their loved one's remains. Students at the Winchester Medical College in Winchester, Virginia, dissected Copeland's body for medical practice. In December 1859, Oberlin residents held a memorial service for Copeland and two other residents who gave their lives in Brown's raid. They also erected a monument in honor of these men.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Oberlin College]]
*[[Oberlin, Ohio]]
*[[Runaway Slaves]]
*[[African Americans]]
*[[Abolitionists]]
*[[Oberlin-Wellington Rescue Case]]
*[[John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry]]
*[[American Civil War]]
*[[John Price]]
*[[John Brown]]
</div>

==References==
<div class="referencesText">
# Nudelman, Franny. <em>John Brown's Body: Slavery, Violence, & the Culture of War</em>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
#Ohio Division of Travel and Tourism. "Ohio's Underground Railroad Freedom Stations: Traveling the State's Underground Railroad." N.p.: n.p., n.d.  
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

James L. Bonham

2013-05-23T19:52:25Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>During the 1940s and 1950s, James Lane Bonham was a prominent businessman in Newark, Ohio.</p> <p>Bonham was born on December 13, 1916. During the Great Depression, he ..."

<p>During the 1940s and 1950s, James Lane Bonham was a prominent businessman in Newark, Ohio.</p>
<p>Bonham was born on December 13, 1916. During the Great Depression, he operated a grocery store in Newark, but like thousands of businesses across the United States, Bonham's business failed. He then decided to open a candy store in Newark. Established in 1939, the Jim Bonham Candy Company was a distributor of candy to grocery and other types of stores in Newark and surrounding communities. </p>
<p>Unfortunately for Bonham, this business soon faltered, because he was drafted during World War II. He asked his father to continue to run the candy business, while Bonham served as a cook in the United States Army. Despite the father's efforts, the business failed. </p>
<p>After receiving a medical discharge from the U.S. Army for a head injury, Bonham returned to Newark. While serving in the military, Bonham had married, and he now was faced with having to provide for his bride and two daughters, who were born to the young couple soon after World War II. Bonham reestablished the Jim Bonham Candy Company in Newark. For the first several years, Bonham operated the business out of his father's garage and then out of the basement of his own home. In 1954, Bonham purchased the former Diebold Bakery in Newark. After refurbishing the building to meet his needs, the Jim Bonham Candy Company opened its doors in this structure. </p>
<p>Bonham traveled across Newark and much of East Central Ohio, providing various stores with candy. His wife and daughters worked at the company's main office in Newark, keeping Bonham's truck stocked with candy and also operating a candy store. A devout Christian, Bonham refused to sell tobacco products, while most other candy stores, at this time, did. </p>
<p>Bonham died on August 25, 1961. His wife sold the company, although Bonham's legacy survives in Newark. His company, now owned by people not directly related to him, continues to exist. It is currently known as the Bonham Candy and Tobacco Company.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Great Depression]]
*[[Newark, Ohio]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[World War II]]
</div>

==References==
<div class="referencesText">
#Ricketts, Lindra. Interview with James Lane Bonham's Daughter. December 31, 2007.  
</div>
[[Category:History People]][[Category:Great Depression and World War II]][[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]][[Category:Business and Industry]]

Elias Langham

2013-05-23T19:50:59Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Elias Langham was an important political figure in Ohio's early history. </p> <p>Born in Essex County, Virginia in 1749, Langham first distinguished himself during the ..."

<p>Elias Langham was an important political figure in Ohio's early history. </p>
<p>Born in Essex County, Virginia in 1749, Langham first distinguished himself during the American Revolution. He enlisted in the Continental Army in 1777, serving in the artillery. During the American Revolution, he attained the rank of first lieutenant, although following this conflict, he would eventually win promotion to colonel. </p>
<p>Following the American Revolution, Langham became a surveyor for the federal government. He helped survey the Northwest Territory, the Mississippi Territory, and the Missouri Territory. While working in the Northwest Territory, Langham became enthralled with the land, and in February 1798, he settled near modern-day Chillicothe, Ohio. Here, Langham became involved in politics, serving in the Northwest Territory's legislature from 1799 to 1802. Langham also served as a judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the United States Territory Northwest of the Ohio River.</p>
<p>Langham's political career seemed to have ended when he worked with Northwest Territory Governor Arthur St. Clair to delay Ohio's admission as a state in the United States of America. St. Clair failed in this attempt, but Langham still survived politically. Voters in Ross County, Ohio elected Langham to the Ohio House of Representatives, a position that he held from 1803 until 1806. By 1804, he had become the speaker of the House.</p>
<p>Langham contributed to Ohio's development in other ways. First, he played an active role in the Masonic movement, helping to establish the Masons firmly in Ohio. He also served as one of the superintendents of the construction of Ross County's first stone courthouse. </p>
<p>Langham died in April 1830. He was buried in a private cemetery in Madison County, Ohio.</p>  [[Category:History People]]

John H. Klippart

2013-05-23T19:50:56Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>John Hancock Klippart was Ohio's fifth Secretary of Agriculture. The Secretary of Agriculture served as the head of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture. Klippart served in ..."

<p>John Hancock Klippart was Ohio's fifth Secretary of Agriculture. The Secretary of Agriculture served as the head of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture. Klippart served in this position longer than any other person.</p>
<p>Klippart was born on July 26, 1823, in Stark County, Ohio. He received minimal schooling as a child. Usually, he was working to help support his family. He found employment in a woolen mill, as a delivery clerk for a local general store, and as a drugstore clerk. By the late 1840s, Klippart had opened his own dry goods store and also was serving as the postmaster of Osnaburg, Ohio. From 1853 to 1856, he also helped construct the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne, and Chicago Railroad, however, this venture proved not to be lucrative for the businessman. During this same period he also served as editor or co-editor of Canton, Ohio's <em>Democratic Transcript</em>, Cleveland, Ohio's <em>Ohio Farmer</em>, and of <em>The Ohio Cultivator</em>.</p>
<p>Klippart became Ohio's fifth Secretary of Agriculture in 1856. He remained in this position until his death in 1878. During his tenure as secretary, Klippart encouraged the introduction of scientific methods to farming and called for the creation of schools dedicated to teaching agricultural practices. Realizing that Ohio had a sizable German population, Klippart also had Ohio Board of Agriculture documents published in German. </p>  [[Category:History People]]

Frederic W. Putnam

2013-05-23T19:49:42Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Frederic Ward Putnam was born on April 16, 1839 in Salem, Massachusetts.</p> <p>Putnam was one of the earliest and most influential archaeologists in the United States. He..."

<p>Frederic Ward Putnam was born on April 16, 1839 in Salem, Massachusetts.</p>
<p>Putnam was one of the earliest and most influential archaeologists in the United States. He was the Curator of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard University between 1875 and 1909. In 1887, he began teaching anthropology and archaeology at Harvard. This was the first time that archaeology was taught as a program of study at a university in the United States. Beginning in 1894, he also served as the Curator of Anthropology for the American Museum of Natural History. </p>
<p>Putnam organized the archaeology and ethnology exhibits for the World's Columbian Exposition held in Chicago in 1893. He hired Warren K. Moorehead to excavate at Fort Ancient and the Hopewell Mound Group in order to obtain exhibit material to represent Ohio. These artifacts helped to form the core of the collections of Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History.</p>
<p>Putnam's most important contributions to Ohio archaeology include the preservation of Serpent Mound as a public archaeological park and the first systematic archaeological investigations of that site. He also directed important excavations at the Turner Earthworks, the Edwin Harness Mound, and the Madisonville cemetery.</p>
<p>Frank Cushing, a renowned anthropologist, wrote that Putnam was "…certainly the foremost among American archaeologists…His works in the Ohio mounds must take rank as the first of its kind… no man ought to be allowed to push spade or pick axe into a Western mound or earth-work except as, at least, a disciple to the system of research of Prof. F. W. Putnam."</p>
<p>Putnam died on August 14, 1915 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.</p>
==See Also==
*[[http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=0001187.html&StartPage=187&EndPage=190&volume=1&newtitle=Volume%201%20Page%20187 "The Serpent Mound Saved"]]
*[[https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/5069/1/V65N03_110.pdf Contributions of Frederic Ward Putnam to Ohio archaeology]]
*[[http://www.peabody.harvard.edu/conservation/mica.html Mica Serpent Cut Out from the Tremper Mound]]
*[[http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~hua15003 Papers of Fredric Ward Putnam]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Raymond Baby

2013-05-23T19:49:37Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Baby, Raymond.jpg | caption = Raymond S. Baby (pronounced "Bobby") 1917-1982 }} <p>Raymond S. Baby (pronounced "Bobby") was born in Clev..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Baby, Raymond.jpg]]
| caption = Raymond S. Baby (pronounced "Bobby") 1917-1982
}}
<p>Raymond S. Baby (pronounced "Bobby") was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1917. He attended the Western Reserve University and earned a B.S. degree in anatomy. He pursued graduate studies at the University of New Mexico, but did not earn a postgraduate degree. </p>
<p>Baby was hired by the Ohio Historical Society in 1946 to conduct an archaeological survey of the Delaware Reservoir area. In 1947, he became a full-time assistant in archaeology and in the following year he replaced Richard Morgan as curator of archaeology. During the 1960s and 70s, Baby taught classes in Ohio archaeology at The Ohio State University. Many of his students assisted in excavations and some went on to careers in archaeology. </p>
<p>Baby conducted numerous excavations of Adena and Hopewell mounds, including the Ater Mound, Cowan Creek Mound, Niles-Wolford Mound and several mounds in the Alum Creek, Big Darby, and Paint Creek reservoir areas. He directed major excavations at Mound City and Seip Mound. In addition to his mound research, Baby also conducted excavations at the Early Woodland culture Dominion Land Company village site. </p>
<p>Baby's most significant contributions to Ohio archaeology include his collaboration with Olaf Prufer, of Kent State University, on the first major synthesis of the Paleoindians of Ohio and his work with William S. Webb, University of Kentucky, on refining our understanding of the Adena culture. Baby also collaborated with James Brown, Northwestern University, on new interpretations of the Mound City Group. </p>
<p>Baby retired from the Ohio Historical Society in 1979 accepting an appointment as curator emeritus. He died in 1982. </p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Cowan Creek Mound]]
*[[http://66.195.173.140/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=612 Ater Mound]]
*[[http://www.ohiohistory.org/etcetera/exhibits/ohiopix/image.cfm?ID=7722 Adena pottery vessel from the Dominion Land Company site]]
*[[http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=0061182.html&StartPage=182&EndPage=185&volume=61&notes=&newtitle=Volume%2061%20Page%20182 "The Hopewell culture" by Raymond S. Baby"]]
*[[https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/1811/5622/1/V71N04_193.pdf "Prehistoric architecture: a study of house types in the Ohio Valley"]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Richard G. Morgan

2013-05-23T19:48:26Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Morgan, Richard.jpg | caption = Richard Morgan and OSU field school class at Fort Ancient in 1940. Morgan is in the middle of back row, wearing a ..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Morgan, Richard.jpg]]
| caption = Richard Morgan and OSU field school class at Fort Ancient in 1940. Morgan is in the middle of back row, wearing a hat
}}
<p>Richard G. Morgan was born in Middletown, Ohio in 1903. He attended the Ohio State University and earned a B.A. degree in 1926 followed by the M.A. degree in 1929. His field of study was geology, but he had a strong interest in archaeology as well. He wrote his Master's thesis on the geological aspects of Ohio archaeology in which he identified many of the sources of flint and other raw materials used by ancient Ohio Indians. In the introduction, he acknowledged the considerable aid he had received from Henry Shetrone.</p>
<p>Morgan studied anthropology at the University of Chicago beginning in 1929, but never earned his Ph.D. In 1936, Morgan replaced Emerson Greenman as the curator of archaeology of the Ohio Historical Society. </p>
<p>Morgan worked on a number of sites, including the Fairport Harbor village site, Florence Mound, the Fort Ancient Earthworks, and Dunlap Mound. During World War II, little fieldwork could be done, so Morgan, who was excused from military service due to a physical disability, focused his efforts on organizing the Society's collections, developing museum exhibits, writing pamphlets on several of the Society's sites, and co-authoring a bibliography of Ohio archaeology.</p>
<p>His major contributions to archaeology include the demonstration that people of the Hopewell culture had built the Fort Ancient earthworks, not the people the Fort Ancient culture. In addition, in a synthesis of Ohio archaeology published in 1952, Morgan established the correct sequence of prehistoric cultures in Ohio as Archaic, Early Woodland, Middle Woodland, and Mississippian. This achievement was particularly remarkable, as radiocarbon dating still had not been widely applied to archaeological problems.</p>
<p>In 1947, during the Second Red Scare, Richard Morgan was accused of being a Communist sympathizer and dismissed from his position with the Ohio Historical Society. He never again worked as an archaeologist and died in Mexico in 1968.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[World War II]]
*[[Ohio Historical Society]]
*[[Archaeology]]
*[[Fort Ancient Earthworks]]
*[[Emerson F. Greenman]]
*[[Henry C. Shetrone]]
*[[Whittlesey Culture]]
*[[http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=00523.html&StartPage=3&EndPage=64&volume=52&notes=&newtitle=Volume%2052%20Page%20 "The Fairport Harbor Village site" by Richard G. Morgan and H. Holmes Ellis]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Emerson F. Greenman

2013-05-23T19:48:11Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Archaeological site at Badgeley Island, Ontario.jpg | caption = Archaeological site at Badgeley Island, Ontario, looking west, circa 1950. Courtes..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Archaeological site at Badgeley Island, Ontario.jpg]]
| caption = Archaeological site at Badgeley Island, Ontario, looking west, circa 1950. Courtesy of Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan
}}
<p>Emerson F. Greenman was born in Hartwellville, Michigan. He became interested in archaeology while studying at the University of Michigan, where he received his undergraduate degree in 1923. He earned a degree in anthropology at Oxford University in 1924 and his Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Michigan in 1927. He was appointed Curator of the Great Lakes Division of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of Michigan in 1927, but left in 1928 to become the Curator of Archaeology for the Ohio Historical Society.</p>
<p>Greenman assisted Henry Shetrone with excavations at Seip Mound and directed excavations at Eagle Mound at the Newark Earthworks, Coon Mound, Reeve village, Tuttle Hill village, South Park village, and the Esch Mound.</p>
<p>Perhaps Greenman's most important contribution to Ohio archaeology was his definition of the Adena culture based on his work at the Coon Mound. He recognized strong similarities between the Adena and Hopewell cultures and correctly surmised that the Hopewell culture had developed from the Adena culture.</p>
<p>Greenman also defined the northeastern Ohio Whittlesey culture based on the distinctive series of artifacts and features that he found at the Reeve, South Park, and Tuttle Hill villages.</p>
<p>Greenman resigned from the Ohio Historical Society in 1935 to accept a position as Research Associate at the University of Michigan's Museum of Anthropology. He became the curator of the Great Lakes Division of the museum in 1945 and retired in 1965.  He conducted many archaeological research projects in Michigan as well as Ontario, Canada. One of his most important contributions, however, was the cooperation he encouraged between amateur and professional archaeologists in Michigan. He was the first secretary-treasurer of the Michigan Archaeological Society and the first editor of the Society's journal, the <em>Michigan Archaeologist</em>.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Newark, Ohio]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Adena Culture]]
*[[Ohio Historical Society]]
*[[Archaeology]]
*[[Whittlesey Culture]]
*[[Newark Earthworks]]
*[[Henry C. Shetrone]]
*[[Seip Mound and Earthworks]]
*[[http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=0041369.html&StartPage=366&EndPage=523&volume=41&newtitle=Volume%2041%20Page%20366 "Excavation of the Coon Mound and an analysis of the Adena Culture" by Emerson F. Greenman]]
*[[http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=0046305.html&StartPage=305&EndPage=366&volume=46&newtitle=Volume%2046%20Page%20305 "Two prehistoric villages near Cleveland, Ohio"]]
*[[http://bentley.umich.edu/bhl/digpubs/anthro/greenman.htm Emerson Frank Greenman Papers, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Clarence Loveberry

2013-05-23T19:47:56Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Clarence Loveberry was a student at the Ohio State University when he was hired to work as an assistant to Warren K. Moorehead. Upon Moorehead's resignation in 1897, the Oh..."

<p>Clarence Loveberry was a student at the Ohio State University when he was hired to work as an assistant to Warren K. Moorehead. Upon Moorehead's resignation in 1897, the Ohio Historical Society appointed Loveberry as the second Curator of Archaeology. He resigned within a year to accept a position with the United States Department of Veterinary Science in St. Paul, Minnesota.</p>
<p>During his brief tenure, he pursued an active fieldwork program exploring more than ninety sites, including mounds, enclosures, and village sites. One of the most important sites excavated by Loveberry is the Story Mound in Chillicothe.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Chillicothe, Ohio]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Ohio Historical Society]]
*[[Archaeology]]
*[[Story Mound]]
*[[Warren K. Moorehead]]
*[[http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=0006423.html&StartPage=407&EndPage=429&volume=6&newtitle=Volume%206%20Page%20407 Report of fieldwork 1897]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

William C. Mills

2013-05-23T19:47:55Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Mills, William C. at the Mound City Excavation.jpg | caption = William C. Mills at the Mound City Excavation }} <p>William Corless Mills was born ..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Mills, William C. at the Mound City Excavation.jpg]]
| caption = William C. Mills at the Mound City Excavation
}}
<p>William Corless Mills was born and raised on a farm in Montgomery County, Ohio in 1860. His interest in archaeology began as a boy while collecting Indian artifacts from local farm fields. He attended the Ohio State University and the Cincinnati School of Pharmacy from which he graduated in 1885. He then worked as a pharmacist in several Ohio towns while continuing his education at the Ohio State University. He graduated with a B.S. degree in 1898 and received the M.S. degree in 1902.</p>
<p>Mills became the Ohio Historical Society's Curator of Archaeology in 1898. His many contributions to archaeology include major excavations at the Adena Mound, Harness Mound, Mound City Group, Seip Mound (the Seip Conjoined Mound), Tremper Mound, and the Baum Village site. Mills faithfully published the results of these excavations in the <em>Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Quarterly</em> setting a high standard for promptness and professionalism. He continued the work of documenting archaeological sites initiated by Moorehead and Loveberry publishing the <em>Archaeological Atlas of Ohio</em> in 1914. (Unfortunately, he gave his predecessors little credit for their contributions.)</p>
<p>Mills defined and named the Hopewell, Fort Ancient, and "Intrusive Mound" cultures. He mistakenly believed the Fort Ancient culture preceded the Hopewell culture, because it seemed to him to be more "primitive." In the years before radiocarbon dating, many archaeologists based their interpretations on, what has proven to be, an overly simplistic assumption that cultures always evolved from simple, or primitive, to more complex levels of organization. For Mills, the Hopewell culture represented the highest cultural development in the Ohio Valley. The "Intrusive Mound culture" is now recognized as but one aspect of the Late Woodland cultures.</p>
<p>Mills became the first director of the Ohio Historical Society in 1921. He served in that capacity until his death in 1928.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Late Woodland Cultures]]
*[[Ohio Historical Society]]
*[[Archaeology]]
*[[Adena Mound]]
*[[Mound City Group]]
*[[Baum Village]]
*[[Fort Ancient Culture]]
*[[Hopewell Culture]]
*[[Seip Mound and Earthworks]]
*[[Tremper Mound and Earthworks]]
*[[Clarence Loveberry]]
*[[Warren K. Moorehead]]
*[[http://66.195.173.140/gallery2/main.php?g2_itemId=262 Intrusive Mound Culture]]
*[[http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=0037205.html&StartPage=205&EndPage=219&volume=37&newtitle=Volume%2037%20Page%20205 William Corless Mills]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Warren K. Moorehead

2013-05-23T19:47:53Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Warren K. Moorehead was the first Curator of Archaeology for the Ohio Historical Society. Born in Siena, Italy in 1866, his family later moved to Xenia, Ohio where he was r..."

<p>Warren K. Moorehead was the first Curator of Archaeology for the Ohio Historical Society. Born in Siena, Italy in 1866, his family later moved to Xenia, Ohio where he was raised. He attended both Denison University and the University of Pennsylvania, but did not graduate from either institution. </p>
<p>The young Moorehead had a great interest in archaeology and excavated a number of sites in Licking County and the Muskingum Valley. His efforts caught the attention of Frederic Ward Putnam of Harvard University's Peabody Museum who hired him to conduct excavations at Fort Ancient and the Hopewell Mound Group to obtain artifacts for the Columbian Exposition in 1893.</p>
<p>Moorehead was hired by the Ohio Historical Society in 1894 and he traveled around the state excavating sites, acquiring collections for the Society, and compiling data for a map of Ohio's mounds and enclosures. He resigned as curator in 1897 for health reasons. </p>
<p>His major contributions to archaeology include the preservation of Fort Ancient as an archaeological park and the first systematic investigations of that site. His work at the Hopewell Mound Group helped lay the foundations for defining the Hopewell culture. William C. Mills, Moorehead's successor at the Ohio Historical Society, incorporated his data on archaeological sites in Ohio into the <em>Archaeological Atlas of Ohio</em>. Later in his career, as the head of the Peabody Institute in Andover, Massachusetts, Moorehead conducted important excavations at the Cahokia site in Illinois and the Etowah site in Georgia.</p>
<p>Moorehead sometimes is remembered unkindly for his supposedly crude excavation methods and for his involvement in the buying and selling of artifacts. Both criticisms are unfair. In the light of today's standards his field methods certainly would be considered deficient, but for their time they were not all that unusual. The practice of buying and selling artifacts, particularly specimens considered to be duplicates, also was not unprecedented at the time.</p>
<p>Moorehead is seldom remembered for his tireless efforts on behalf of living Native Americans. He wrote many articles condemning the Wounded Knee massacre and, in 1909, he was appointed to the board of commissioners for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. He worked to expose the abuses of Indian agents and fought for improvements in health care on Indian reservations. His history of the Indian tribes in Ohio is an early and sympathetic account of how Ohio's indigenous peoples were driven from their lands.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Hopewell Culture]]
*[[Ohio Historical Society]]
*[[Xenia, Ohio]]
*[[Archaeology]]
*[[Hopewell Mound Group]]
*[[Fort Ancient Earthworks]]
*[[Denison University]]
*[[Licking County]]
*[[William C. Mills]]
*[[http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=004883.html&StartPage=83&EndPage=84&volume=48&notes=&newtitle=Volume%2048%20Page%2083 Warren King Moorehead]]
*[[http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=0065179.html&StartPage=179&EndPage=190&volume=65&newtitle=Volume%2065%20Page%20179 Warren King Moorehead and His Papers]]
*[[http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=00071.html&StartPage=1&EndPage=109&volume=7&notes=&newtitle=Volume%207%20Page%201 "The Indian Tribes of Ohio – Historically Considered" by Warren King Moorehead]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Henry C. Shetrone

2013-05-23T19:47:53Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Shetrone, Henry.jpg | caption = Henry Shetrone }} <p>Henry Clyde Shetrone was born in Fairfield County, Ohio in 1876. He became interested in arch..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Shetrone, Henry.jpg]]
| caption = Henry Shetrone
}}
<p>Henry Clyde Shetrone was born in Fairfield County, Ohio in 1876. He became interested in archaeology while working as a reporter and writing stories about William C. Mills' astonishing discoveries at the Adena Mound and other sites. He became friends with Mills who eventually hired him in 1913 as an assistant.</p>
<p>In 1921, when Mills became the Society's first director, Shetrone was appointed as the new curator of archaeology. He continued Mills' vigorous program of research and publication. His many contributions to archaeology include major excavations at the Mound City Group, Hopewell Mound Group, and Seip Mound. Following Mills' example, reports of these excavations appeared promptly in the <em>Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Quarterly</em>. Shetrone's most important work, <em>The Mound-Builders</em>, published in 1930, was a comprehensive synthesis of Ohio's mound-building cultures in relation to what was then known about the archaeology of eastern North America.</p>
<p>When Mills died in 1928, Shetrone succeeded him as director of the Ohio Historical Society. Although his administrative duties increasingly kept him from fieldwork, Shetrone continued to make contributions to archaeology. As director, he focused his efforts on preserving archaeological sites and promoting public education about Ohio's Native American heritage.</p>
<p>Shetrone retired in 1947. He was appointed Director Emeritus of the Ohio Historical Society and held that position until his death in 1954. Although Shetrone had no formal academic training in archaeology, he had become one of the most productive and respected archaeologists in North America.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Ohio Historical Society]]
*[[Archaeology]]
*[[Adena Mound]]
*[[Mound City Group]]
*[[Hopewell Mound Group]]
*[[Seip Mound and Earthworks]]
*[[William C. Mills]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Leslie T. Hope

2013-05-23T19:47:24Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Hope, Bob.jpg | caption = Bob Hope receiving an Honorary Oscar }} <p>Leslie Townes Hope, better known as Bob Hope, was born on May 29, 1903, in El..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Hope, Bob.jpg]]
| caption = Bob Hope receiving an Honorary Oscar
}}
<p>Leslie Townes Hope, better known as Bob Hope, was born on May 29, 1903, in Eltham, England. In 1908, Hope's family moved to Cleveland, Ohio. Bob Hope officially became an American citizen in 1920. During his lifetime, Hope emerged as one of the leading comedians and actors in the United States.</p>
<p>Hope developed a love of show business at a young age. He performed on the boardwalk in Cleveland and also competed in several talent competitions. He became especially well known for his impersonation of actor Charlie Chaplin. Hope also spent some of his youth at the Boys' Industrial School near Lancaster, Ohio. This institution was for boys who had gotten into trouble with law enforcement officials. As an adult, Hope donated sizable sums of money to the institution, claiming that his time there caused him to lead a better and more honorable life.</p>
<p>In 1925, Hope became a Vaudeville star, performing across the United States. Hoping for a movie career, in 1930, he participated in a screen test, which he failed, in Hollywood. He then moved to New York City, New York, where Hope acted in several Broadway plays. It was at this time that Hope adopted the stage name "Bob." Purportedly he did this because some critics referred to him as "Hopelessly," mocking his birth name of Leslie.</p>
<p>By the mid 1930s, Hope had returned to Hollywood, where he starred in a series of movies. Most of his early films failed to attract much attention from moviegoers, but by the late 1930s, he had emerged as a major star. Among Hope's more famous movies were <em>The Big Broadcast of 1938</em> (1938), <em>Road to Singapore</em> (1940), <em>Road to Zanzibar</em> (1941), <em>Road to Morocco</em> (1942), <em>Road to Utopia</em> (1946), <em>Road to Rio</em> (1947), <em>My Favorite Brunette</em> (1947), <em>Road to Bali</em> (1952), and <em>The Road to Hong Kong</em> (1962). Hope premiered the song "Thanks for the Memories" in <em>The Big Broadcast of 1938</em>, which became his theme song for the remainder of his career. During the 1930s, Hope also began to perform on national radio programs and also on television, once this medium appeared. For most of his radio and television careers, he worked for the National Broadcasting Corporation (NBC), and viewers especially liked his various Christmas specials. </p>
<p>During his career, Hope also was a major supporter of United States soldiers. He traveled overseas more than sixty times to entertain the troops in conjunction with the United Service Organizations (USO). Hope performed for troops during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the Persian Gulf War. To honor Hope's efforts, in 1997, United States President Bill Clinton signed a bill making Hope an "Honorary Veteran."</p>
<p>Hope also was well known for his love of sports. As a young man, he had worked as a golf caddy, starting his life-long infatuation with golf. He also briefly boxed, fighting under the pseudonym "Packy East." Later in life, Hope also was partial owner of the Cleveland Indians, a Major League Baseball team, and of the Los Angeles Rams, a National Football League team. Hope died on July 27, 2003, approximately two months following his one hundredth birthday.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Cleveland, Ohio]]
*[[Lancaster, Ohio]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Cleveland Indians]]
*[[National Football League]]
*[[Radio]]
*[[World War II]]
*[[Vietnam War]]
*[[Korean War]]
*[[Gulf War]]
*[[Television]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Double Bubbler

2013-05-23T19:47:21Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Taylor, Halsey W..jpg | caption = Halsey W. Taylor. Courtesy of Halsey Taylor }} <p>Halsey Taylor is one of the leading manufacturers of drinking..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Taylor, Halsey W..jpg]]
| caption = Halsey W. Taylor. Courtesy of Halsey Taylor
}}
<p>Halsey Taylor is one of the leading manufacturers of drinking fountains today. During World War I, company founder Halsey W. Taylor invented the "Double Bubbler" drinking fountain. This fountain dispensed two streams of water in an arc. Previously, drinkers commonly had to place their mouths on or near the faucet, helping spread germs. With Taylor's drinking faucet, the arc of water allowed drinkers to be several inches away from the faucet, reducing the spread of illnesses.</p>
<p>With the invention of the Double Bubbler, demand soared for Taylor's drinking fountains. During the 1920s and 1930s, Halsey Taylor manufactured more than eighty percent of the drinking fountains in the United States. Double-Bubbler technology is still used in drinking fountains today.</p>[[Category:History Topics]]

Jerrie zzMock

2013-05-23T19:46:02Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Geraldine Fredritz Mock was born on November 22, 1925, in Newark, Ohio. Mock, better known as "Jerrie," was the first woman to fly around the world. On March 9, 1..."

<p>Geraldine Fredritz Mock was born on November 22, 1925, in Newark, Ohio. Mock, better known as "Jerrie," was the first woman to fly around the world. On March 9, 1964, Mock took off from Columbus in her plane, the "Spirit of Columbus." The "Spirit of Columbus" was a Cessna 180. Mock's trip around the world took twenty-nine days, eleven hours, and fifty-nine minutes, with the pilot returning to Columbus on April 17, 1964. She had flown 23,103 miles. On this flight, Mock had set the round-the-world speed record for planes smaller than 3,858 pounds. As a result of her flight, President Lyndon Baines Johnson awarded Mock the Federal Aviation Administration's Exceptional Service Decoration. In 1975, Mock's Cessna was donated to the National Air and Space Museum. For her contributions to flight, the Federation Aeronautique Internationale honored Mock with its Louis Bleriot Medal, the organization's highest honor. Mock was the first woman and also the first American citizen to receive the medal. </p>
<p>Mock led an active life beyond flying. She served as producer of <em>Youth Has Its Say</em>, the first television program dedicated to allowing children to voice their opinions. She authored several magazine articles and a book, and Mock also wrote and directed a radio program, <em>Opera Preludea</em>.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Newark, Ohio]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Spirit of Columbus]]
*[[Television]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]][[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]][[Category:Transportation]][[Category:Women]]

Bevo Francis

2013-05-23T19:43:14Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Clarence "Bevo" Francis was born on September 4, 1932, in Hammondsville, Ohio. Francis received his nickname from a type of near-beer that his father drank. Franc..."

<p>Clarence "Bevo" Francis was born on September 4, 1932, in Hammondsville, Ohio. Francis received his nickname from a type of near-beer that his father drank. Francis enrolled at the University of Rio Grande, in Rio Grande, Ohio, in 1952. He excelled on the school's basketball team, averaging 48.5 points in his freshman (1952-1953) season. This is the highest points-per-game average over a single season for any player in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics. Francis's average for his first and second seasons was 47.1 points per game, a record in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II. In a game against Ashland Junior College in 1953, Francis scored 116 points. The NCAA refused to acknowledge this point total because Francis scored it against a junior college team. In 1954, Francis scored 113 points against Hillsdale College, setting the official NCAA record for points scored in a game by a single player. Unfortunately for Francis, the University of Rio Grande suspended him for missing classes and failing to take exams after the 1953-1954 season. </p>
<p>Upon being suspended, Francis signed a contract with the Harlem Globetrotters. He played with the Boston Whirlwinds, a team that played against the Harlem Globetrotters. After two years with the Whirlwinds, the Philadelphia Warriors drafted Francis, but he refused to play for this team. Francis continued to play professional basketball into the early 1960s. Upon retiring, he went to work for a steel mill in Ohio. He currently resides in Highland, Ohio. </p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
*[[University of Rio Grande]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]][[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]][[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]][[Category:Education]][[Category:Sports and Recreation]][[Category:Education]][[Category:Sports and Recreation]]

Fritz Pollard

2013-05-23T19:42:15Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Frederick Douglass Pollard, also known as Fritz Pollard, was born on January 27, 1894. He spent his youth in Chicago, Illinois, where he excelled in sports. In high school,..."

<p>Frederick Douglass Pollard, also known as Fritz Pollard, was born on January 27, 1894. He spent his youth in Chicago, Illinois, where he excelled in sports. In high school, Pollard played on the school’s baseball, football, and track teams. He attended Northwestern University, Harvard University, and Dartmouth University, playing on each school’s football team. Eventually Brown University offered Pollard a scholarship, and he led the school’s football team to the Rose Bowl in 1916. Pollard was the first African American to play in the Rose Bowl. He also was only the second African American named an All-American in football. </p>
<p>Upon graduating from Brown University, Pollard held several jobs. He pursued a degree in dentistry, directed a YMCA, and also coached football at Lincoln University. The love of athletic competition eventually led Pollard to return to football as a player. In 1919, he joined the Akron Pros, a professional football team in Akron, Ohio. The Pros became a charter member of the American Professional Football Association in 1920. This league became the National Football League in 1922.</p>
<p>With the Akron Pros, Pollard helped the team win the American Professional Football League championship in 1920. This season, he led the team in rushing, receiving, scoring, and in punt return yardage. In 1921, Pollard became co-head coach of the Pros. Pollard remained as the Pros’ head coach for only the 1921 season. In 1922, he joined the Milwaukee Badgers, and in 1923, he became a player for the Hammond Pros. He played the 1924 season with the Gilberton Cadamounts, an independent professional football team, rejoining the Hammond Pros for part of the 1925 season. In 1925, he also played for the Providence Steam Roller and the Akron Indians. He finished his career in the National Football League in 1926, with the Akron Indians. Some sources claim that Pollard only served as head coach of the Akron Pros, while other sources, including Pollard, contend that he served as the head coach for the Milwaukee Badgers, the Hammond Pros, the Providence Steam Roller, and the Akron Indians. Despite this debate, Pollard clearly served as the first African-American head coach of an American Professional Football League and a National Football League team. </p>
<p>Pollard faced much discrimination in professional football. He routinely could not eat in the same restaurants or stay in the same hotels as teammates. Players on opposing teams commonly tried to harm him by piling onto him after a play was over. To prevent this from occurring, Pollard usually rolled over onto his back and put his shoes’ cleats into the air, impaling anyone who tried to pile onto him after the play had ended. Beginning in 1934, the National Football League permitted an unofficial ban on African-American players. Between 1934 and 1946, no black athletes played in the league. In opposition to this ban, Pollard formed the Bronx Bombers in the Bronx, New York. This team consisted of only African Americans and performed admirably against all opponents. Before forming the Bronx Bombers, Pollard established the Chicago Black Hawks, an all African-American team in Chicago, Illinois.</p>
<p>Pollard retired from football in 1937. He died on May 11, 1986. In honor of Pollard’s achievements in football, the Black Coaches Association renamed its Male Coach of the Year Award the Fritz Pollard Award in 2004. The Pro Football Hall of Fame inducted Pollard as a member in 2005.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[African Americans]]
*[[Akron, Ohio]]
*[[American Professional Football Association]]
*[[National Football League]]
*[[Baseball]]
*[[Akron Indians]]
*[[Akron Pros]]
*[[Pro Football Hall of Fame]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]][[Category:The Progressive Era]][[Category:African Americans]][[Category:Sports and Recreation]]

Amelia J. zzBloomer

2013-05-23T19:35:41Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Amelia Jenks was born in May 1818, in Homer, New York. She attended school and eventually became a schoolteacher. In 1840, she married Dexter Bloomer, an attorney. He also ..."

<p>Amelia Jenks was born in May 1818, in Homer, New York. She attended school and eventually became a schoolteacher. In 1840, she married Dexter Bloomer, an attorney. He also edited a newspaper in Seneca Falls, New York, and Amelia wrote articles, especially concerning temperance and women's rights. In 1848, Bloomer attended the first women's rights convention in the United States, which was held in Seneca Falls. The next year, she began to publish the <em>Lily</em>, a newspaper dedicated to gaining women suffrage and equal economic and educational opportunities as men. It also encouraged temperance. The paper eventually had more than four thousand subscribers. In 1851, Bloomer began to give public lectures in support of her causes.</p>
<p>In 1850, Amelia began to wear a style of clothing that would become known as bloomers, after Amelia. Bloomers consisted of a loose-fitting blouse, a knee-length skirt, and baggy pants. Women during this time period were expected to have a figure that resembled the number eight. Most women had to strap themselves into tight-fitting corsets to attain this figure. These corsets sometimes caused health problems and could even lead to physical deformities. On top of the corsets, women were to wear several layers of clothing, including petticoats and dresses. Men expected respectable women to wear this clothing at all times of year. In the summer heat, the attire could be intolerably hot. It also made women's household duties difficult to perform. As a result, Amelia Bloomer actively encouraged women to forsake this style of dress for the cooler outfit that still bears her name. By 1860, Bloomer stopped wearing bloomers. Women's clothing had changed. Corsets were less popular and cooler hoopskirts had emerged as the preferred style of dress. New and cooler fabrics also began to appear, making women's and men's clothing much more conducive to summer weather. Amelia found the new style of women's clothing more comfortable and reasonable to wear. She may also have begun wearing more accepted clothing to men to draw attention away from the clothing she wore to the issues about which she wrote and lectured, especially suffrage for women and temperance.</p>
<p>In 1854, the Bloomers moved to Mount Vernon, Ohio. Amelia continued to publish the <em>Lily</em> for another year after moving to Ohio. She also gave speeches across the Midwest, including in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Louis. In 1855, the family moved to Council Bluffs, Iowa, where Amelia resided for the remainder of her life. She continued to fight for women's rights. She served as the first president of the Iowa Woman Suffrage Association from 1871 to 1873. A member of the Episcopal Church, she fought not only for the rights of women but also assisted poverty-stricken people through various charitable causes. She died in December 1894.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
*[[Cleveland, Ohio]]
*[[Seneca Falls Convention]]
*[[First Women's Rights Movement]]
*[[Temperance Movement]]
*[[Episcopal Church]]
*[[Mount Vernon, Ohio]]
*[[http://www.knoxhistory.org/ Knox County Historical Society]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]][[Category:Early Statehood]][[Category:Government and Politics]][[Category:Reform]][[Category:Women]]

Randal Rust

2013-05-23T19:35:40Z

Admin: Created page with "developer of OHC back-endCategory:History People"

developer of OHC back-end[[Category:History People]]

Hopalong xCassidy

2013-05-23T19:35:10Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Hopalong Cassidy was a character in western novels written by Clarence Mulford during the 1920s, the 1930s, and the 1940s. Due to the books' popularity, Paramount Studios e..."

<p>Hopalong Cassidy was a character in western novels written by Clarence Mulford during the 1920s, the 1930s, and the 1940s. Due to the books' popularity, Paramount Studios eventually made thirty-four films based on the character. United Artists then assumed production of the Hopalong Cassidy films, completing an additional thirty-one films. Beginning in 1950, several of the films were shortened for television. Eventually an additional fifty-two half hour programs were created to continue the television program's run.</p>
<p>Actor William "Bill" Boyd played Hopalong Cassidy in both the films and in all of the television episodes. Born in Ohio in 1895, Boyd began making silent films in the 1920s for Cecil B. DeMille. Illustrating Hopalong Cassidy's popularity, at the television show's height, Boyd received more than fifteen thousand fan letters per week. He made three world tours to promote the Hopalong Cassidy program and movies. On one occasion, more than one million people came to see him at a public appearance.</p>
<p>Hopalong Cassidy was a true hero for many children during the first half of the twentieth century. <em>Time Magazine</em> declared, "Boyd made Hoppy a veritable Galahad of the range, a soft spoken paragon who did not smoke, drink or kiss girls, who tried to capture the rustlers instead of shooting them, and who always let the villain draw first if gunplay was inevitable." Boyd wanted children to respect Cassidy. He hoped that children would learn good morals from the Cassidy television programs and movies. How effective Boyd was in fulfilling this dream is debatable. Nevertheless, he helped create one of the most popular television and movie characters in history. Boyd died in 1972. </p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Television]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]][[Category:Great Depression and World War II]][[Category:Great Depression and World War II]][[Category:Arts and Entertainment]][[Category:Arts and Entertainment]]

Leonard F. zzSlye

2013-05-23T19:35:00Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Roy Rogers was born on November 5, 1911, in Cincinnati, Ohio. His birth name was Leonard Franklin Slye. He spent his youth primarily in McDermott, Ohio, where he attended s..."

<p>Roy Rogers was born on November 5, 1911, in Cincinnati, Ohio. His birth name was Leonard Franklin Slye. He spent his youth primarily in McDermott, Ohio, where he attended school and worked as a farm laborer. He dreamed of becoming either a physician or a dentist, but Rogers left high school before graduating. He took a job in a local shoe factory to help support his parents and siblings.</p>
<p>Rogers quickly tired of factory work and moved to California in 1930. There, he worked various jobs, including harvesting peaches and driving dump trucks. He also embarked upon a music career, specializing in country music. He joined several country and western bands, including the Hollywood Hillbillies, the Rocky Mountaineers, the Texas Outlaws, and the International Cowboys. In 1934, Rogers's first real musical success came when he formed the group the Sons of the Pioneers. Rogers changed his name from Leonard Slye to Dick Weston and finally to Roy Rogers, while singing with the Sons of the Pioneers. He chose Roy Rogers in honor of his childhood dentist, Roy Rodgers. In 1937, Rogers embarked upon a solo career.</p>
<p>During the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, Roy Rogers was a household name. With his wife Dale Evans, his horse Trigger, and his dog Bullet, Rogers became one of the biggest stars of this era and one of the greatest country and western performers of all time. He starred in more than one hundred movies, composed music for several additional movies, made numerous guest appearances on television programs, and starred in the Roy Rogers Show on CBS Television from October 1951 to September 1964. At the peak of his popularity, Rogers received 78,852 fan letters in a single month. In 1980, the Country Music Hall of Fame inducted the Sons of the Pioneers, and in 1988, this organization did the same for Roy Rogers.</p>
<p>Rogers was an active supporter of numerous causes. He was a strong supporter of the Second Amendment-the right to bear arms-to the United States Constitution. An adoptive father, Rogers also encouraged Americans to adopt children. Beginning in the 1960s, he also lent his name to the Roy Rogers Restaurants. Rogers died on July 6, 1998. Portsmouth, Ohio, hosts the Roy Rogers Festival every year.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
*[[Portsmouth, Ohio]]
*[[Television]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Kit Reed

2013-05-23T19:33:55Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Born in 1932, Ohio native Kit Reed has become a leading novelist in the United States. She is especially well known for her science fiction. Reed has been known by several ..."

<p>Born in 1932, Ohio native Kit Reed has become a leading novelist in the United States. She is especially well known for her science fiction. Reed has been known by several other names over the course of her writing career. These names include Shelley Hyde, Lillian Craig, Lillian Craig Reed, and Kit Craig. Among her most popular novels are <em>Magic Time</em>,<em> Armed Camps</em>,<em> Fort Privilege</em>, <em>Little Sisters of the Apocalypse</em>, <em>Captain Grownup</em>,<em> Catholic Girls</em>, <em>J. Eden</em>, and<em> Gone, Twice Burned</em>. She also is the author of a large number of short stories.</p>
<p>Reed has taught at Wesleyan College in Connecticut. She has received two Guggenheim Fellowships and an Aspen Institute Rockefeller Fellowship. Two of her works were finalists for the James W. Tiptree Award. Reed also is the first American to have received a literary grant from the Abraham Woursell Foundation. </p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]][[Category:The Cold War and Civil Rights]][[Category:Arts and Entertainment]]

Nancy McIntyre

2013-05-23T19:33:46Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Nancy McIntyre, better known as Macy Gray, was born in Canton, Ohio, in 1970. She was shy as a child and very self-conscious about her raspy voice. As a child, she studied ..."

<p>Nancy McIntyre, better known as Macy Gray, was born in Canton, Ohio, in 1970. She was shy as a child and very self-conscious about her raspy voice. As a child, she studied classical piano and surrounded herself with all genres of music. McIntyre enrolled at the University of Southern California to study screenwriting. </p>
<p>At USC, McIntyre began to write song lyrics for her friend's productions. On one occasion, a singer did not attend a recording session, so McIntyre sung her own songs. Once her voice began to be heard on the streets of Los Angeles, McIntyre quickly developed a fan base. She began to perform with a jazz band at various clubs and hotels and established her own after-hours club, known as We Ours. At this time, McIntyre also adopted Macy Gray, the name of an elderly neighbor in Canton, as her stage name.</p>
<p>Gray signed a record contract with Atlantic Records, only to have the company refuse to release her album. Devastated, Gray returned to Canton. In April 1998, Epic Records signed Gray to a contract, and in 1999, Gray's debut album, "On How Life Is," was released. She received Grammy nominations as Best New Artist and Best Female R&B Vocal for this album, but she lost in both categories. The next year, she won a Grammy for her song "I Try," and her debut album hit triple platinum in 2000.</p>
<p>Gray has struggled to follow up her initial album's success. She has released two more albums: "The Id" and "The Trouble With Being Myself," but their sales have been less than expected. Gray has also released numerous singles with other artists and also acted in two movies, including the 2002 hit <em>Spider-Man</em>. </p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Canton, Ohio]]
*[[Ohio]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]][[Category:Towards the 21st Century]][[Category:African Americans]][[Category:Arts and Entertainment]][[Category:Women]]

Rex D. zzThomas

2013-05-23T19:33:39Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Rex David (Dave) Thomas was born on July 2, 1932, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. He was adopted while still a baby. By eight years of age, Thomas decided that he would spe..."

<p>Rex David (Dave) Thomas was born on July 2, 1932, in Atlantic City, New Jersey. He was adopted while still a baby. By eight years of age, Thomas decided that he would spend his life in the restaurant industry. He attended high school, but Thomas dropped out at the fifteen years of age. A strong proponent of education, he earned his GED in 1993.</p>
<p>Thomas originally owned four Kentucky Fried Chicken franchises. In 1969, however, he decided to open his own restaurant. Thomas named the restaurant Wendy's in honor of his daughter. The first Wendy's opened on November 15, 1969. It was located at 257 East Broad Street, in Columbus, Ohio, and the restaurant remains open to this day. Thomas wanted to provide his customers with fast, hearty food, in a family setting. One year later, Thomas opens a second restaurant, also in Columbus. This eatery had the first modern drive-thru window among fast food restaurants.</p>
<p>Wendy's grew quickly after the opening of this second restaurant. By 1976, Wendy's had opened or franchised five hundred restaurants, including some in Canada. Two years later, the company had topped one thousand restaurants, and by 1979, the firm operated more than 1,500 eateries, including some in Mexico. Also in 1979, Wendy's was the first fast food restaurant to introduce a salad bar. The company continued to add approximately five hundred restaurants each year during the early 1980s.</p>
<p>During the 1990s, Wendy's continued to expand, operating over six thousand Wendy's restaurants by 2001. In 1996, the company purchased Tim Horton's. Expanding its holdings even further, in 2002, the firm purchased Baja Fresh Mexican Grill. In 2001, the company also became the sponsor of a Ladies Professional Golf Association tournament in Columbus, Ohio. The firm's growth was partly due to its creative advertising. In 1984, the company introduced its "Where's the Beef" campaign, which made fun of other restaurants' hamburgers. This phrase became a catchphrase for Americans during the mid 1980s. Dave Thomas also starred in most of Wendy's commercials-over eight hundred of them-from the late 1980s until his death from liver cancer in 2002. Thomas starred in more commercials than anyone in the history of television. Customers identified with Thomas and his pledge to provide them with high-quality food.</p>
<p>Thomas also became known for his charitable contributions. He especially supported adoption charities, and in 1992, he founded the Dave Thomas Foundation for Adoption.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Hamburger]]
*[[Television]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Bobby zzKnight

2013-05-23T19:33:33Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Robert (Bobby) Montgomery Knight was born on October 25, 1940, in Massillon, Ohio. As a child, Knight fell in love with the game of basketball. He competed in both high sch..."

<p>Robert (Bobby) Montgomery Knight was born on October 25, 1940, in Massillon, Ohio. As a child, Knight fell in love with the game of basketball. He competed in both high school and college, helping The Ohio State University win a national championship in 1960.</p>
<p>Upon graduating from Ohio State in 1962, Knight began coaching basketball. In 1963, he accepted his first college coaching position as an assistant coach at the United States Military Academy at West Point. The following year, Knight became head coach. In six seasons his team won a combined 102 games and took his players to the NCAA Basketball Tournament.</p>
<p>In 1971, Knight became the head coach at Indiana University. He continued to prosper there, winning national championships in 1976, 1981, and 1987. His 1976 team went undefeated. No team since Knight's has won the national championship while going undefeated. While at Indiana, Knight also won the NIT Championship (1979), won eleven Big Ten titles, and coached the United States Olympic Basketball Team to a gold medal (1984). He had twenty-one twenty-or-more-win seasons in his twenty-nine years at Indiana. He also won Coach of the Year honors four times (1975, 1976, 1987, and 1989).</p>
<p>Nicknamed the "General," Knight is highly respected for his coaching abilities, but his notorious temper and on-the-court antics have caused many people to criticize him. Knight threw a chair across the basketball court once to protest an official's call. In 1979, during the Pan-American Games in Puerto Rico, he was arrested for assault. He once was seen kicking his son during a game and once used a whip, jokingly but inappropriately, on an African-American player. Because of these and other incidents, in 2000, Indiana University warned Knight that he would be terminated if another incident occurred. Unfortunately for Knight and the university, one did occur in September 2000, and the university subsequently terminated Knight.</p>
<p>Knight sat out the 2000-2001 season, but he returned to coaching for the 2001-2002 season as the head coach at Texas Tech University. Knight has proven to be very successful there. While at Texas Tech, Knight has won his eight hundredth career game. After the 2004-2005 season, Knight had amassed 854 career wins, leaving him just twenty-five games short of the college record.</p>[[Category:History People]][[Category:Towards the 21st Century]][[Category:Education]][[Category:Sports and Recreation]]

Bobby Rahal

2013-05-23T19:33:32Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Robert (Bobby) Woodward Rahal was born on January 10, 1953, in Medina, Ohio. He was one of the greatest automobile racers to participate in the CART series. He won three ..."

<p>Robert (Bobby) Woodward Rahal was born on January 10, 1953, in Medina, Ohio. He was one of the greatest automobile racers to participate in the CART series. He won three championships and twenty-four separate races. In 1986, Rahal won the Indianapolis 500. When he retired in from driving in 1998, Rahal ranked first in career starts, second in career earnings, and fourth in wins in CART history, which is now known as Champcars.</p>

<p>Upon retiring, Rahal focused his energies on his own race team, which he had formed while still a driver in 1992. In 1992, Rahal won the CART championship-the only owner-driver to accomplish this feat. The team is based in Hilliard, Ohio. Originally, Rahal co-owned the team with Carl Hogan, and the racing organization was named Rahal/Hogan Racing. Hogan shortly left the team, and the organization became known as Team Rahal. In May 2004, Team Rahal became Rahal Letterman Racing, in honor of talk show host David Letterman, who is a co-owner of the team. The organization originally participated in the CART (now Champcars) series, but it eventually joined the Indy Racing League.</p>

<p>As an owner, Rahal has amassed a series of accomplishments. Among the more prominent ones is an Indianapolis 500 victory in 2004, with Buddy Rice driving. In 2005, Danica Patrick, one of Rahal Letterman Racing's drivers, became the first woman to lead a lap at the Indianapolis 500.</p>

<p>In 2004, Rahal was inducted into the Motor Sports Hall of Fame. He also actively supports charities, especially those involving children. He established the Rahal-Kroger Columbus Charities Pro-Am, which has raised more than 1.75 million dollars for children's charities in Columbus, Ohio.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Medina, Ohio]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Robert L. Stein

2013-05-23T19:33:28Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Robert Lawrence Stine was born on October 8, 1943, in Columbus, Ohio. He graduated from The Ohio State University in 1965, where he edited the school's humor magazine, <em>..."

<p>Robert Lawrence Stine was born on October 8, 1943, in Columbus, Ohio. He graduated from The Ohio State University in 1965, where he edited the school's humor magazine, <em>The Sundial</em>.</p>
<p>Since graduating, Stine has continued to pursue a writing career. He has authored several series of books geared towards younger children and teenagers. Most of his books deal with supernatural events, and critics have commonly compared him to Stephen King. His most popular series has been Goosebumps, although several of these books were actually ghostwritten. Television producers eventually turned <em>Goosebumps</em> into a television series for children. Stine also has written several additional series, including <em>Fear Street</em>, <em>Ghost of Fear Street</em>, <em>Mostly Ghostly</em>, and <em>Nightmare Room</em>. Stine also has written several humor books.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Television]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Jo zzSinclari

2013-05-23T19:33:24Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Ruth Seid was born on July 1, 1913, in Brooklyn, New York. She spent most of her youth in Cleveland, Ohio. Consisting of Russian immigrants, her family was Jewish and strug..."

<p>Ruth Seid was born on July 1, 1913, in Brooklyn, New York. She spent most of her youth in Cleveland, Ohio. Consisting of Russian immigrants, her family was Jewish and struggled to escape poverty. Seid also was a lesbian. She was the valedictorian of her high school class.</p>
<p>Upon reaching adulthood, Seid embarked upon a writing career. First, she wrote short stories and radio and television scripts to help support her family. When writing novels, she used the penname Jo Sinclair, and her works usually focused on class, racial, and homosexual issues. Her first novel, <em>Wasteland</em>, won the Harper & Brothers Prize for new writers in 1946. She proceeded to publish three additional novels, as well as her autobiography. Seid died on July 4, 1995.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Cleveland, Ohio]]
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Radio]]
*[[Television]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Chloe A. zzWofford

2013-05-23T19:33:21Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Toni Morrison was born on February 18, 1931, in Lorain, Ohio. Her birth name was Chloe Anthony Wofford. She spent her childhood in Lorain but left to attend college at Howa..."

<p>Toni Morrison was born on February 18, 1931, in Lorain, Ohio. Her birth name was Chloe Anthony Wofford. She spent her childhood in Lorain but left to attend college at Howard University. Upon graduating from Howard with an English degree in 1953, Morrison attended Cornell University, earning an M.A. degree in 1955.</p>
<p>Morrison then embarked upon a career in academia, teaching English courses at Texas Southern University and then at Howard University. In 1964, Morrison accepted an editor position with Random House, leaving college teaching for the next nineteen years.</p>
<p>While at Howard University, Morrison began to write fiction. In 1970, she published her first novel, The Bluest Eye. She quickly completed her next two novels, <em>Sula</em> (1973) and <em>Song of Solomon</em> (1977). Both of these works received critical acclaim, with Song of Solomon winning the National Book Critics Circle Award and the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Award.</p>
<p>In 1983, Morrison left Random House and returned to academia as the Albert Schweitzer Professor of Humanities at the State University of New York-Albany. She continued to write, completing her most famous novel, Beloved, in 1987. Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize for this novel. Two years later, Morrison became the Robert F. Goheen Professor in the Council of Humanities at Princeton University. This was the first time that an African-American woman writer received a named professorship at an Ivy League institution. In 1993, she became the first African-American woman to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
</div>
[[Category:History People]]

Ohio State Slogan

2013-05-23T19:31:56Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>In 1984, the Ohio Division of Travel and Tourism created the slogan, "Ohio, The Heart of It All" to promote tourism. The office adopted this slogan for many reasons. One ..."

<p>In 1984, the Ohio Division of Travel and Tourism created the slogan, "Ohio, The Heart of It All" to promote tourism. The office adopted this slogan for many reasons. One reason why was because Ohio roughly resembles a heart in shape. Also, Ohio is a very populous state with many activities of all sorts, whether they are visiting zoos, museums, or art galleries, attending college or professional sporting events, or participating in the state's many outdoor activities. This slogan appeared on all official publications of the Ohio Division of Travel and Tourism. The state also placed it upon signs welcoming people to Ohio, as well as upon license plates. In the early 2000s, the Ohio Division of Travel and Tourism created a new slogan, "Ohio, So Much to Discover," to replace "Ohio, The Heart of It All."</p>

==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
</div>
[[Category:History Topics]]

Ohio State Motto

2013-05-23T19:31:20Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>"With God All Things Are Possible" became Ohio's state motto on October 1, 1959. James Mastronardo, a twelve-year-old boy, recommended this quotation from the Bible.</p> ..."

<p>"With God All Things Are Possible" became Ohio's state motto on October 1, 1959. James Mastronardo, a twelve-year-old boy, recommended this quotation from the Bible.</p>

<p>At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the American Civil Liberties Union filed a suit against Ohio and its state motto, claiming that this phrase from the Bible violated the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees religious freedom and a separation of church and state. Various federal courts sided with Ohio, allowing the state to retain the motto.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
*[[United States Constitution]]
*[[American Civil Liberties Union]]
</div>
[[Category:History Topics]]

A Story of the Shawanoes

2013-05-23T19:30:29Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>George Bluejacket was the son of the great Shawnee chief Blue Jacket. He later became a chief himself. Between 1829 and 1831, he wrote his history of the Shawnee Indians...."

<p>George Bluejacket was the son of the great Shawnee chief Blue Jacket. He later became a chief himself. Between 1829 and 1831, he wrote his history of the Shawnee Indians. This document is of special importance because it presents an Indian's version of Ohio's early history. Many people have noted that history can be one-sided because usually the winners write it. George Bluejacket's history gives us the unique and invaluable perspective of a Shawnee Indian whose father was one of the most influential Indian participants in the momentous events of Ohio's tragic Indian wars.</p>

<p>The manuscript was transcribed and edited by John Allen Rayner in 1886. Shortly thereafter, the original document was lost. John Rayner's typescript copy is in the library of the Ohio Historical Society (call # 970.92 R 218). George Bluejacket's history includes several Shawnee words. John Rayner's translation of each Shawnee word is provided in brackets at the first occurrence of the word. In addition, some of Rayner's editorial notes and clarifications of the text, along with notes added by Ohio Historical Society editors, also are put in brackets. Rayner's original preface to the document is included as an appendix to George Bluejacket's history.</p>

<hr />

<h2>A Story of the Shawanoes</h2>

<ul class="byline">
<li>By George Bluejacket</li>
<li>Transcribed and edited by John Allen Raynor, 1886</li>
<li>Wapaughkonnetta [Wapakoneta, Ohio], October 29, 1829.</li>
</ul>

<p>I have been told by <i>Nath-the-wee-law</i> [Geo. C. Johnston] to write a story of our tribe. <i>Nath-the-wee-law</i> is our brother and friend of our people. My father [Bluejacket] was great Chief and told us many things of the old Shawanoes [Shawnees].</p>

<p>Other old Chiefs have told us many things too.</p>

<p>I was born two winters after the <i>Gin-e-wane Al-ag-wa</i> ["rain of stars" - the spectacular meteor shower of 1800] at our Pe-quaw town [Piqua] on Big Miami <i>Se-pe</i> [Great Miami "River"].</p>

<p>My father was Head-Chief then at that town.</p>

<p>My Father Chief was buried there by our White Father [John Johnston] near the school-house.</p>

<p>Many of our people [are] buried there.</p>

<p>Our White Father has told us to go sit by our dead on his farm any time. Some of our tribe go there every summer. We all love that place.</p>

<p>We all love our White Father John Johnston too.</p>

<p>I now tell about our tribe.</p>

<p>Old Chief Black-hoof has told us that our tribe came from the great salt water, where <i>Ke-sath-wa</i> ["the sun"] came out of the <i>Kitch-e-ca-me</i> ["lake"] in the morning, and hid in the <i>Me-to-quegh-ke</i> ["forest"] at night.</p>

<p>We were a great people. Our men were great warriors. They fought many tribes and always beat them.</p>

<p>The beginning of the Shawanoe tribe was when the Co-cum-tha ["Grandmother"] of our people come up out of the great salt water holding to the tail of the <i>Me-she-pe-she</i> ["panther"].</p>

<p>Her <i>Wash-et-che</i> ["husband"] was carried to the shore by a very big <i>Wa-be-the</i> ["swan," or "goose"].</p>

<p>The land where their people had lived was swallowed up in the great salt water by <i>Watch-e-me-ne-too</i> ["bad spirit", or "devil"], but <i>Mish-e-me-ne-toc</i> ["the great god", or "good spirit"] saved these two and they were the first of our tribe.
<p>Many animals and birds were saved too, so there was plenty hunting in the new <i>Me-to-quegh-ke</i> ["forest"].</p>

<p>This was many <i>Te-pa-wa-Ko-te</i> ["hundred seasons", or years] ago, and our people soon became many.</p>

<p>They have always been called Shawanoes ["Water People"] and the <i>Me-she-pe-she</i> ["panther"] and <i>Wa-be-the</i> ["swan"] have always been the signs [or totems] of this tribe.</p>

<p>After a time the white people got too many for [the] red men and then we followed the best hunting toward the north.</p>

<p>The <i>Al-wa-ma-ke</i> ["bottom land"] was good for the corn, and the Ma-vuegh-ke ["hills"] full of game.</p>

<p>The <i> Mean-e-lench</i> ["young men"] hunted and ran on the warpath.</p>

<p>The Pash-e-to-the ["old men"] caught <i>A-ma-tha</i> ["fish"] in the <i>Bo-with-e</i> ["small streams"] and the <i>E-qui-wa</i> ["women"] worked in the <i>Da-me</i> ["maize", or corn].</p>

<p>Then many seasons passed, the tribe always going to the north, to when Black-hoof was a <i> Mean-e-lench</i> ["young man"] and they were all north of the Great <i>Se-pe</i> [Great "River" or, the Ohio River].</p>

<p>Here we were given much land by our brothers, the Wyandots. We built many towns and lived long time in peace, till the white men behind the Great <i>Se-pe</i> tried to drive us away.</p>

<p>They sent their <i>Shem-a-noes</i> ["Long Knives"] to our lodges and killed our <i>E-qui-wa</i> and <i>A-pe-to-the</i> ["women" and "children"].</p>

<p>Then our great Chief called all our warriors to a Big Council at the Chillicothe Town.</p>

<p>Here they made talk to use the war-paint till all the bad spirits of our enemies were dead.</p>

<p>Black Hoof told us all this. My father told me, and so told me too that himself he remember these wars along the Big <i>Se-pe</i> [Ohio River].</p>

<p>Then he spoke to me too about [the] great army of General Clarke [George Rogers Clark] and Logan [Benjamin Logan]; how the <i>Watch-e-men-e-toc</i> ["evil spirit"] was with the warriors at our Pe-quaw town on Mad River, where many of us were killed and our town burned; how we came to the Big Miami [Great Miami River] and built a new Pe-quaw town; how many died in the winter from hungry and cold, though our brothers, the Wyandots, gave us some corn and beans.</p>

<p>He told me too how angry our warriors were and how they made war medicine; how they went in the summer to the pale-face houses, killed many and took many scalps.</p>

<p>How after two summers Clarke come again and burned our towns on Big Miami; then how all the tribes above the Great <i>Se-pe</i> [Ohio River] met in council at Pe-quaw town; how all the war-chiefs struck the war-post and made words that the pale-face people must stay behind [south and east of] the Great <i>Se-pe</i>.</p>

<p>My Father Bluejacket, Little Turtle and Tarhe made much talk at council, and for many summers our war bands camped along the Great <i>Se-pe</i>.</p>

<p>Then came a time when an army of <i>Shem-a-ga-ne</i> ["soldiers"] come over the old salt trail to the Miami towns, but our tribes beat them so they ran home [Harmar's Defeat - 1790].</p>

<p>The next season a great army come up back [west] of the Big Miami [Great Miami River] to the Maumee towns, and our warriors killed so many that some only got back home [St. Clair's Defeat - 1791].</p>

<p>My Father show me many many scalp from that big battle. My Father told me too that all the tribes now much angry and make all ready to go on war-path over the Great <i>Se-pe</i> into Kentucky, but Simon Girty tell them another big army coming, so our warriors stay home and wait.</p>

<p>They wait one, two seasons, then Tota [a Frenchman] tell them big army coming up old trail and camp on Greenville Creek.</p>

<p>My Father Chief Bluejacket tell me this: He send runners [scouts] to see this big army and tell him how many. He keep runners all time watch this army, and all tribes wait on Maumee <i>Se-pe</i> ["river"].</p>

<p>He send war band to catch Big White Chief [Anthony Wayne] sleepy, but that army never sleepy, so wait for him come to fort on Maumee where British Chief [Maj. William Campbell] say they help Indians beat Wayne [Fort Miamis].</p>

<p>This time Indian get beat and also get no help from fort army [Battle of Fallen Timbers - 1794].</p>

<p>My Father Chief Bluejacket told me British fort army all liars, and next season most all tribes go to big council at Greenville [Treaty of Greenville].</p>

<p>Here they make treaty with Wayne, bury tomahawk, and give much land to <i>Shem-a-noes</i> [Americans].</p>

<p>My Father Chief Bluejacket never after dig up tomahawk against <i>Shem-a-noes</i> , but after a few times [years] Tecumseh and his Brother [The Prophet] make war medicine with the British Chief at Detroit and try [to] make our tribe fight <i>Shem-a-noes</i> [Americans] but my father say no, and other tribes say yes, but get beat by Big White Chief Harrison [William Henry Harrison] at Tippecanoe on Wabash <i>Se-pe</i>. [Battle of Tippecanoe - 1811: Tecumseh Sites].</p>

<p>Our tribe then live at Wapaughkonnetta, above treaty line [Treaty of Greenville Line], but soon when British want us [to] make war medicine our great White Father at Washington [President James Monroe] move our tribe back to our old Pe-quaw Town [Upper Piqua], where some of Delawares, Wyandots, Ottawas, and Senecas stay peaceful under council of our white Father, John Johnston.</p>

<p>This I know myself, for I was then big boy [10 years old] and many time play at post with John Johnston <i>A-pe-to-the</i> ["children"].</p>

<p>Captain John Logan and some more [of] our tribe were runners for General Harrison, and were all brave men.</p>

<p>Some time after this war [was] over we were moved back to Wapaughkonnetta, but our White Father, John Johnston, [was] still our agent and many time come [to] talk with our people there.</p>

<p>My Father Chief Blue Jacket, Black-Hoof, [and] <i>Wi-wel-i-pea</i> were big friends with John Johnston and many times went to his post at Pe-quaw [Upper Piqua], and I too sometime went with them too. For many seasons [years] we live peaceful at Wapaughkonnetta, then when I am young man [19 years old - 1821] John Johnston take me to his post and let me go [to] school-house on his farm.</p>

<p>I live in John Johnston post, and our master [school teacher] live there too.</p>

<p>Our master [James Laird - an Irishman] much red-head man and beat everybody with stick, but we soon know how read, write, [and] spell like he himself.</p>

<p>Some boys name Winans, Widney, Russell, McIntire, Bill Johnston, [and] Steve Johnston go same time to school-house I do, and get beat too.</p>

<p>I like to live at John Johnston, but one, two, three winter, then I go back [to] Wapaughkonnetta and other boys go back down to school-house.</p>

<p>Not much go past [happens] for some seasons [years] then <i>Nath-the-wee-law</i> [Geo. C. Johnston] buy trading-store of <i>Skip-a-ge-tha</i> [Nicholas Greenham] at Wapaughkonnetta and me I sometime make help in store.</p>

<p>We make big friends together, and he have me write some all [the] time.</p>

<p>Frank Duchouquet [Francis Duchouquet, an early French trader among the Ohio Indian tribes], George Moffett [a European-American raised by the Shawnee from childhood], [and] John Elliott [official blacksmith at John Johnston's post] were big friends with us too, and sometimes we make big hunt all together in the Mis-ke-ko-pe ["swamp-land"] toward the Maumee <i>Se-pe</i> [River].</p>

<p>George Moffett's Indian name [is] <i>Kit-er-hoo</i>; Frank Duchouquet's [is] <i>So-wah-quo-the</i>, and both belong to our tribe.</p>

<p>In the last moon myself, Geo. Moffett, and <i>Nath-the-wee-law</i> [Geo. C. Johnston] make big deer hunt near to the big <i>Kitch-e-ca-me</i> [Lake Erie] and brought in 63 skins.</p>

<p>Many of us kill <i>a-magh-qua</i> ["beaver"], Osh-as-qua ["muskrat"], and <i>ki-ta-te</i> ["otter"] in the cold season.</p>

<p>Jan. 9, 1830.</p>

<p>I have not make much write in book for two moons. <i>Nath-the-wee-law</i> [Geo. C. Johnston] and <i>Skip-a-ge-tha</i> [Nicholas Greenham] with some head chiefs of our tribe and Wyandots, make long walk to see our Great White Father at Washington, and tell him about Indians trouble since John Johnston no more Father [agent] for our tribes.</p>

<p>Our now White Father [agent] make much talk about our goods, but no make goods come to Indian.</p>

<p>Our tribe get much winter goods from John Johnston anyway, for John Johnston always friend of poor Indian.</p>

<p>One time in corn season some many white people come form Piquatown to our New Corn Dance. <i>Nath-the-wee-law</i> [Geo. C. Johnston] dance with us a make them people much laugh.</p>

<p>We had much good time but some Indians drink much fire-water and fight one [an]other till one two die.</p>

<p>Also we make some big race and shoot at post but Geo. Moffett too *****</p>

<p>[Here an entire leaf was missing from the "Diary" and the following was probably written in the Fall of 1830, for they were congregated at St. Marys in December of that year. J. A. Raynor, editor]</p>

<p>***** have come to tell us all Indians must move right away to Girty's Town [St. Marys] to make more ready to go to new Indian land on big <i>Ta-was-ko-ta</i> ["prairie"] near "Night Lodge of <i>Ke-sath-wa</i> " [Sun].</p>

<p>Our old people make much sorry [sorrow] for they not wish to leave old home.</p>

<p><i>Nath-the-wee-law</i> [Geo. C. Johnston] and John Johnston sorry too, but say Indian must do like the Great White Father at Washington say, for white people must have all land before the Big <i>Se-pe</i> [East of the Mississippi River].</p>

<p>Our tribe is no more a great people. Our old chiefs most all gone.</p>

<p>Our warriors sit down most like <i>E-qui-wa</i> ["women"]. We take what our White Father gives us. Now we must go to new land. Soon more times we will have to move again. Soon there will be no more Shaw-anoes. Our hearts [are] full of sorry [sorrow] for all the tribes.</p>

<p>But we will listen to the voice of our <i>Mish-eme-ne-toc</i> ["good spirit"] in the great <i>Me-to-quegh-ke</i> ["forest"] and he tells his <i>A-pe-to-the</i> ["children"] when they all gone from this <i>Mel-che-a-sis-ke</i> ["poor land", or "poor earth"] he will lead them to their <i>their We-che-a-sis-ke</i> ["good land"] where all place is for Indian; where pale-face never come.</p>

<p>Then poor Indian more again be happy.</p>

<p>Girty's Town [St. Marys, Ohio] June, 1831</p>

<p><i>Nath-the-wee-law</i> [Geo. C. Johnston] tell me to write more in book. Soon <i>Nath-the-wee-law</i> go back home to Piquatown. When our White Father [agent] have plenty much <i>Me-she-wa</i> ["horses"] then Indian start on long walk to new home.</p>

<p>Our tribe [will] go down to old Pe-quaw Town at John Johnston post, and sit sometime on the graves of our fathers.</p>

<p>Then we will tell good-by to John Johnston and <i>Nath-the-wee-law</i> [Geo. C. Johnston].</p>

<p>Then we will tell good-by to the <i>Me-to-quegh-ke</i> ["forest"] by the <i>Se-pe</i> ["river"], and leave our old home forever.</p>

<h3>Note added by John A. Rayner:</h3>

<p>From other authority we learn that just previous to their removal west, and by special invitation of their former agent, Col. John Johnston, this tribe did come down in a body to their old home at Upper Piqua and remained several days on the site of their old home and burial grounds.</p>

<p>Their parting from these old-time scenes, and especially their final farewell to their kindly old Agent and his family, was very affecting, and was the occasion of much shedding of tears by all the participants.</p>

<p>Not long after the removal of this tribe to their western reservation, Bluejacket became Chief, and according to Major Stephen Johnston, is still living at this date.</p>

<h3>Appendix</h3>

<p>Original Preface to George Bluejacket's narrative:</p>
<p>An Indian's Own Story</p>
<p>Transcribed and Edited by John Allen Rayner In March, 1886.</p>

<h4>Preface</h4>

<p>Among the papers, accounts, and manuscript left by the late Geo. C. Johnston, were several important documents relating to that period in his life when he conducted a licensed trading post at "Wapaughkonnetta", and later at St. Marys.</p>

<p>His dealings were confined principally to the Indian trade, especially with the Shawanoes, for the members of this tribe far outnumbered all the others at these posts just previous to their removal to the West.</p>

<p>These tribes had been under the guidance and protection Col. John Johnston at Upper Piqua for many years, but a new administration at Washington had removed him from office and placed them under the control of his successor at Wapaughkonnetta.</p>

<p>Geo. C. Johnston had been adopted into this branch of the Shawanoe tribe, so when they were taken away from Upper Piqua he soon followed them to their new post above the treaty line.</p>

<p>One interesting relic of this period, with dates running from Nov. 8, 1829 to June 1, 1831, is a large number of unpaid notes (in book form) given by the different members of the tribe to Johnston for goods, and as they went west so after this date these notes undoubtedly stand for a large loss sustained by the trader.</p>

<p>But the most interesting is the "Diary" or "Story of the Shawanoes" written by George Bluejacket, one of their own number.</p>

<p>Bluejacket was a son of the Old Chief of that name, and was one of the many Indian boys who were placed in school at Upper Piqua by Col. John Johnston in the early twenties.</p>

<p>Young Bluejacket must have spent several winters at school, for although his orthography is poor and his punctuation minus, the handwriting is very good.</p>

<p>But the poor quality of the paper, the faded ink, and the general dilapidation of the manuscript, makes the task of editing it considerable.</p>

<p>All I can claim in rendering this old story readable, is better spelling, some punctuation, and the interpretation of the Indian words and metaphor which he has used extensively.</p>

<p>Instead of using foot-notes for the interpretations I will place the words in parenthesis directly after the Indian form, and thus avoid detraction from the point of interest.</p>

<p>The white men that Bluejacket speaks of as being at the post, were Francis Duchouquet, an early French trader among the Ohio tribes, and later Indian interpreter for Col. John Johnston at Upper Piqua.</p>

<p>George Moffett, a great hunter and an excellent rifle shot, had been a captive in this tribe when a young boy.</p>

<p>John Elliott, the official black-smith at the post, afterward moved to Piqua.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Weyapiersenwah]]
*[[William Allen]]
*[[Shawnee Indians]]
*[[Ohio Constitutional Convention of 1802]]
*[[Zane Grey]]
*[[Ohio Historical Society]]
*[[Chillicothe, Ohio]]
*[[Greenville, Ohio]]
*[[American Beaver]]
*[[Fort Miamis]]
*[[Lake Erie]]
*[[Maize]]
</div>
[[Category:History Documents]]

Rocks and Ores

2013-05-23T19:28:54Z

Admin: Created page with " <p>Rock can be defined as a solid body of one or more kinds of minerals. In a few cases, however, rocks may contain material that is not mineral..."

<p>Rock can be defined as a solid body of one or more kinds of minerals. In a few cases, however, rocks may contain material that is not mineral. An example of this is coal, which sometimes contains bits of organic matter. </p>
<p>Some other characteristics that help to define <em>most</em> rocks are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Naturally formed</li>
<li>Nonliving</li>
<li>Firm, solid matter</li>
<li>A mass that sticks together</li>
<li>Makes up part of a planet such as Earth, especially in its outer crust</li></ul>
<p>An <em>ore</em> also is a mixture of one or more minerals. We distinguish <em>ore</em> from <em>rock</em> in that a valuable and/or useful material can be mined or extracted from the ore. This material often is a metal. Iron ore, for example, is mined for its iron content. Mining companies sell the ore to manufacturers who extract the iron and use it in producing iron and steel products. The portion of the ore that is not iron is considered a waste or byproduct. Even though it is considered a waste of the iron process, the byproduct may be useful in some other process.</p>
<p>Not all ores are rocks. This is because some ores are not firm and solid. Oil is a liquid "ore;" natural gas is a gaseous "ore." Workers "mine" both of these "industrial minerals" for economic benefit, and consumers use them in their daily lives.</p>
<div class="resources">
<h3>Resources</h3>
<ul>
<li>American Geological Institute <em>Dictionary of Geological Terms; </em>Dolphin Books, Garden City, NY; 1962.</li>
<li>Coogan, Allan H. <em>Ohio’s Surface Rocks and Sediments;</em> Chapter 3 in <em>Fossils of Ohio,</em> edited by Rodney M. Feldmann; Ohio Geological Survey, Bulletin 70, 1996.</li>
<li>Melvin, Ruth W. & Gary D. McKenzie. <em>Guide to the Building Stones of Downtown Columbus [Ohio]: A Walking Tour; </em>Ohio Geological Survey, Guidebook No. 6.</li>
<li>Pough, Frederick H. <em>A Field Guide to Rocks and Minerals; </em>Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA; 1976.</li>
<li>Skinner, Brian J. & Stephen C. Porter <em>The Blue Planet: An Introduction to Earth System Science; </em>Wiley, New York; 1995.</li>
<li>Sorrell, Charles A. <em>Rocks and Minerals;</em> Golden Press, New York, NY; 1973.</li>
<li>Wolfe, Mark E., compiler <em>1997 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries;</em> Ohio Division of Geological Survey; 1998</li> </ul></div>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Fossil]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geology]]

Celestite (Strontium Sulfate)

2013-05-23T19:28:50Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Celestite.jpg | caption = Celestite, Wood County, Ohio; N 3846 }} <p>The name celestite comes from a Latin word meaning "heaven." This r..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Celestite.jpg]]
| caption = Celestite, Wood County, Ohio; N 3846
}}
<p>The name celestite comes from a Latin word meaning "heaven." This refers to the sky-blue, "celestial" color often seen in this mineral. Since celestite is the most common mineral that contains the metal strontium, it is the predominate ore for that element. Compounds of strontium color a flame red, and they sometimes are used in the manufacture of fireworks.</p>
<p>Celestite has been found in various places in Europe and North America, but the state of Ohio is famous for having many of the best deposits. This mineral has been reported in 11 of Ohio’s counties. Northwestern Ohio produces crystals of this mineral in colors ranging from white to a beautiful pale blue. Crystal cave on South Bass Island is a large vug filled with very large crystals of celestite. In the southwestern part of the state it occasionally is found in the area of Serpent Mound State Memorial where an unusual geological disturbance occurred.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[James Findlay]]
*[[Crystal]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Luster]]
*[[Streak]]
*[[Transparent]]
*[[Gold]]
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Serpent Mound]]
*[[Aggregate]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Granular]]
*[[Habit]]
*[[Ore]]
*[[Specific Gravity]]
*[[Translucent]]
*[[Minerals of Ohio]]
*[[State of Ohio]]
*[[Colo]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geology]]

Crystal Habit

2013-05-23T19:28:46Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake.jpg }} <h3>Aggregates</h3> <p>In many cases the crystals of a particular mineral grow together in a group rather t..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake.jpg]]
}}
<h3>Aggregates</h3>
<p>In many cases the crystals of a particular mineral grow together in a group rather than as separate,individual crystals. These groups are called mineral aggregates.</p>
<p>The form and appearance of a particular mineral’s aggregate is called its crystal habit.</p>
<p>Sometimes the units in an aggregate are imperfectly formed and distinct crystal faces are absent. When this happens we call the individual parts "grains" rather than crystals. The words "crystalline" and "granular" are used to describe whether the units are well-developed crystals or grains.</p>
<h3>Crystalline</h3>
<p>Units well-developed as crystals, such as barite.</p>
<h3>Granular</h3>
<p>Units without distinct crystal faces. They are about equal in length, breadth and height, like
grains of salt or sand, such as sulfur.</p>
<p>In order to describe crystal habit accurately mineralogists have developed some standard terms. The
following descriptive terms are based on the shape of individual mineral units:</p>
<dl>
<dt>acicular</dt>
<dd>Units long, needlelike, and thicker than a fiber or hair, like strontianite </dd>
<dt>bladed</dt>
<dd>Units thin, much longer than wide, and flattened like the blade of a table knife, like barite.</dd>
<dt>columnar</dt>
<dd>Units long, parallel or nearly parallel, and stout like a pencil.</dd>
<dt>fibrous</dt>
<dd>Units long and thin, such as a fiber or hair,such as melanterite.</dd>
<dt>massive</dt>
<dd>Mineral poorly crystallized and dense, without apparent internal structure. It is compact, and the individual grains are microscopic, as in flint.</dd>
<dt>oolitic</dt>
<dd>Units small and rounded. They look like fish eggs that are stuck together. Some forms of hematite are oolitic.</dd>
<dt>powdery</dt>
<dd>Mineral poorly crystallized and porous. It may appear as a dusting of tiny delicate and matted crystals, as in a layer of hexahydrite on another mineral.</dd>
<dt>tabular</dt>
<dd>Units flat and platy like the top of a table a thin book. Celestite is an example.></dd></dl>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Aggregate]]
*[[Crystal]]
*[[Crystalline]]
*[[Granular]]
*[[Habit]]
*[[Celestite (Strontium Sulfate)]]
*[[Barite]]
*[[Flint]]
*[[Fibrous]]
*[[Oolitic]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geology]][[Category:PHYSC]]

Crystalization System

2013-05-23T19:28:44Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Mineralogists group minerals together into six "systems." These systems are based on the form of individual crystals. We will describe the six systems here. We will char..."

<p>Mineralogists group minerals
together into six "systems." These systems are based on the
form of individual crystals. We will describe the six systems here.
We will characterize each system
by describing both its faces
and its crystallographic axes. An axis is an imaginary straight line that
runs through the center of a crystal. Each axis runs from the center of
one crystal face to the opposite face. Since crystals are three-dimensional
objects, each crystal must have at least three axes.</p> The six systems of minerals are:
<ol>
<li>Isometric (Cubic) System with six square faces. All three of the crystallographic axes are of the same length, and they are arranged at right angles to each other. Galena crystals and halite crystals are examples of this system.</li>
<li>Tetragonal System with two square faces and four lengthened rectangular faces. This is similar to the cubic system except that only two of the axes are of the same length. The third axis is either shorter or longer than the other two. Chalcopyrite crystals are an example of this system.</li>
<li>Hexagonal System with six rectangular faces of the same size, and two hexagonal faces opposite each other. There are three horizontal axes of the same length. A vertical axis intersects them at right angles. Quartz crystals and calcite crystals are examples of this system.</li>
<li>Orthorhombic System with three pairs of parallel faces, each pair being of a different size. As with the first two systems, the three axes are at right angles to one another, but of three different lengths. Barite
crystals and celestite crystals are examples of this system.</li>
<li>Monoclinic System with three pairs of faces of different size and shape, only two pairs of which meet at right angles. The three axes are of different length. Two of the axes intersect at right angles, while the third is inclined relative to the other two. Crystals of gypsum are an example of this system.</li>
<li>Triclinic System with three pairs of faces of different size and shape, none of which meet at right angles. As in the monoclinic system the three axes are of different length. All three of the axes meet at some angle other than a right angle. This system is not represented in the Ohio minerals described in <em>Ohio History Central</em>.</li></ol>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Crystal]]
*[[Hexagonal]]
*[[Quartz (Silicon Dioxide)]]
*[[Galena]]
*[[Chalcopyrite]]
*[[Barite]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geology]][[Category:PHYSC]]

Dolomite

2013-05-23T19:28:44Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Dolomite.jpg | caption = Dolomite, Logan County, Ohio; N 4284 }} <p>Dolomite was named for the French mineralogist Deodat de Dolomieu. It is commo..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Dolomite.jpg]]
| caption = Dolomite, Logan County, Ohio; N 4284
}}
<p>Dolomite was named for the French mineralogist Deodat de Dolomieu. It is common in a sedimentary rock called dolostone. Dolostone is known also as dolomite, or sometimes as dolomitic limestone. Dolomite differs from calcite, the main component of limestone, because it contains the element magnesium (Mg) as well as calcium (Ca). The chemical industry uses the mineral dolomite in making magnesium salts including magnesia, which is used in medicine. Builders use the rock dolomite as both structural and ornamental stone. The beautiful "Dolomites" in northeastern Italy (<em>Dolomiti </em>in Italian), form one of the principal ranges of the Alps.</p>
<h2>Facts</h2>
<table width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" class="facts">

<tr><td class="label">Chemical Composition:</td><td>Calcium Magnesium Carbonate (CaMg(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>)</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Mineral Class:</td><td>Carbonates</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Crystallization:</td><td>Hexagonal </td></tr><tr><td class="label">Crystal Habit:</td><td>Generally well crystallized with curved, saddle-shaped faces on the crystals; these crystals usually grouped but sometimes single; also granular or massive</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Specific Gravity:</td><td>2.8 - 3.0</td></tr><tr><td>Hardness:</td><td>3 1/2 - 4</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Color:</td><td>White, tan, pink, gray; brown or black when iron is present.</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Transparency: </td><td>Transparent to translucent </td></tr><tr><td class="label">Luster:</td><td>/td> Vitreous</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Streak:</td><td>White</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Occurence:</td><td><img width="195" height="172" src="images/naturalHistory/minerals/dolomitemap.gif" alt="" /></td>
<p>Dolomite occurs worldwide, in many places, with some of the most famous in Europe and North America. Dolomite has been reported in 19 counties in Ohio.In western Ohio small crystals occur at some sites, and granular aggregates are found in cavities and cracks in dolostone. Also, crystals and granular aggregates of the mineral are found in veins of limestone concretions of the Ohio Shale.</p>
<div class="resources">
<h3>Resources</h3>
<ul>
<li>Carlson, Ernest H., ed. <em>Minerals of Ohio;</em> Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, OH; Bulletin 69; 1991.</li>
<li>Pough, Frederick H. <em>A Field Guide to Rocks and Minerals; </em>Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA; 1976.</li>
<li>Sorrell, Charles A. <em>Rocks and Minerals;</em> Golden Press, New York, NY; 1973.</li> </ul></div> </tr></table>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Crystal]]
*[[Habit]]
*[[Hardness]]
*[[Hexagonal]]
*[[Luster]]
*[[Specific Gravity]]
*[[Streak]]
*[[Transparent]]
*[[Gold]]
*[[Dolostone]]
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Concretions]]
*[[Granular]]
*[[Clay and Shale]]
*[[Translucent]]
*[[Ohio Shale]]
*[[Sedimentary Rock]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geology]]

Halotrichite-Pickeringite

2013-05-23T19:28:37Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Peeper Tadpole.jpg }} <p>The name halotrichite comes from the Latin meaning "hairy salt," hence the German common name of <em>Haarsalz.</em> Picke..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Peeper Tadpole.jpg]]
}}
<p>The name halotrichite comes from the Latin meaning "hairy salt," hence the German common name of <em>Haarsalz.</em> Pickeringite was name after J. Pickering (1777 - 1846). Although they contain varying amounts of iron and magnesium, members of the halotrichite-pickeringite series have similar physical properties. In halotrichite, the iron content exceeds that of magnesium. In pickeringite, however, the magnesium content exceeds that of iron. Lacking specific chemical data, specimens generally are identified as members of the halotrichite-pickeringite series.</p>
<h2>Facts</h2>
<table width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" class="facts">

<tr><td class="label">Chemical Composition:</td><td>Iron Alum (Fe,Mg)Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>•22H<sub>2</sub>O - Magnesia Alum (Mg,Fe) Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>•22H<sub>2</sub>O</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Mineral Class:</td><td>Sulfates </td></tr><tr><td class="label">Crystallization:</td><td>Monoclinic</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Crystal Habit:</td><td>Commonly found in fibrous aggregates.</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Specific Gravity:</td><td>1.8 - 1.9</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Hardness:</td><td>1 1/2 - 2</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Color:</td>>
<td>Generally white, but may be yellowish white, reddish white or greenish white.</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Transparency:</td><td>Transparent to translucent</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Luster:</td><td>Vitreous to silky</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Streak:</td><td>White</td></tr><tr><td class="label">Occurence:</td><td><img width="195" height="172" title="Map of halotrychite-pickeringite occurence" alt="Map of halotrychite-pickeringite occurence" src="images/naturalHistory/minerals/halo-pickmap.gif" /></td></tr></table>
<h2>Notes</h2>
<p>The halotrychite-pickeringite series has been reported from 8 counties in Ohio.In central and eastern Ohio fibrous efflorescences of this mineral series commonly are associated with pyrite in shale or coal. Geologists believe that the halotrychite-pickeringite series will be found in more places in Ohio than those shown on the map above.</p>
<div class="resources">
<h3>Resources</h3>
<ul>
<li>Carlson, Ernest H., ed. <em>Minerals of Ohio;</em> Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, OH; Bulletin 69; 1991.</li>
<li>Pough, Frederick H. <em>A Field Guide to Rocks and Minerals; </em>Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA; 1976.</li>
<li>Sorrell, Charles A. <em>Rocks and Minerals;</em> Golden Press, New York, NY; 1973.</li></ul></div>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Ohio]]
*[[Aggregate]]
*[[Color]]
*[[Efflorescence]]
*[[Fibrous]]
*[[Translucent]]
*[[Minerals of Ohio]]
*[[Coal]]
*[[Salt]]
*[[Geologist]]
*[[Clay and Shale]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geology]]

Minerals of Ohio

2013-05-23T19:28:35Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Minerals are naturally occurring elements or compounds that are the constituents of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock. In unusual circumstances, minerals may grow ..."

<p>Minerals are naturally occurring elements or compounds that are the constituents of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rock. In unusual circumstances, minerals may grow into typical crystal forms that make them desirable to collectors. </p>
<p>Most people would not think of Ohio as a state that would yield a surprising variety of mineral specimens. However, there are many collectors who have assembled collections of museum-quality specimens. Beautiful and colorful crystals of such minerals as calcite, celestite, pyrite, selenite gypsum, and sphalerite, among others, can be found along with small flakes of gold, colorful flint, and rare meteorites and diamonds. </p>
<p>Minerals occur in a variety of areas in Ohio in association with sediments or sedimentary rocks. Many of them have crystallized from fluids that flowed through the rocks and deposited minerals in open spaces such as cracks or vugs. A well-known mineral district in the state is in northwestern Ohio (Findlay Arch mineral district) where sometimes-spectacular crystals of calcite, celestite, dolomite, fluorite, and others are present in small to large vugs in dolomites of Silurian age. Unfortunately, natural outcrops of these rocks are rare in this glaciated area and most exposures are in quarries that dot the area. Many of these quarries are no longer open to the public for collecting. A small area in southern Ohio, in parts of Adams and Highland Counties, is called the Serpent Mound zinc district. It derives its name from the presence of the mineral sphalerite, which is a major ore of zinc. However, it is not known to be in economic quantities in this area. Other minerals, including calcite and barite occur in this district along with geodes. Rocks of Pennsylvanian age in eastern Ohio are known for hematite nodules, petrified wood, and ironstone septarian concretions. Pyrite and marcasite crystals occur in association with the Olentangy Shale and Ohio Shale in the outcrops of these units in southern, central, and northern Ohio. </p>
<p>Detailed information on the occurrence and collecting of minerals in Ohio is given in the book <em>Minerals of Ohio</em>, published by the Division of Geological Survey. Collectors should always ask permission from the landowner before collecting fossils, minerals, or other specimens. Many spectacular specimens of Ohio minerals are on display at the Ohio Historical Society and at other natural history museums in the state. </p>
<p><strong>Calcite </strong>– Calcium carbonate. Calcite is common as vein fillings in many rocks in western and central Ohio. Silurian dolomites in northwestern Ohio yield clusters of large crystals ranging from clear to dark brown. Many have a golden color. </p>
<p><strong>Celestite </strong>– Strontium sulfate. Northwestern Ohio produces crystals of this mineral in colors ranging from white to a beautiful pale blue. Crystal cave on South Bass Island is a large vug filled with very large crystals of celestite. </p>
<p><strong>Diamonds</strong> – Carbon. At least six diamonds have been found in Ohio in sediments deposited by glaciers of the Pleistocene Ice Age. All were small crystals. As with gold, these minerals were carried to Ohio from Canada by glaciers. In recent years, diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes have been discovered in the Canadian shield and they may have been the source for rare Ohio diamonds. </p>
<p><strong>Dolomite </strong>– Calcium magnesium carbonate. Interesting crystals, ranging in color from white to brown to pink, occur in northwestern Ohio in association with other minerals. </p>
<p><strong>Flint – </strong>Silicon dioxide. Flint is Ohio’s official gemstone. Amorphous silica that occurs in nodules or beds in Devonian limestones and particularly in Pennsylvanian limestones. It is thought that the silica was derived from the siliceous spicules of sponges. The most conspicuous bed of flint is associated with the Pennsylvanian-age Vanport limestone at<strong> </strong>Flint Ridge in Licking and Muskingum Counties. Although most flint is gray or black in color, Flint Ridge flint is characterized by its light color with hues of red, green, yellow, and other colors. Flint was quarried by Native American cultures for spear points, knives, scrappers, and other functional and ceremonial objects. Today, collectors polish Ohio flint into colorful jewelry. The aboriginal quarries and displays of Flint Ridge flint are visible at Flint Ridge State Memorial.</p>
<p><strong>Fluorite – </strong>Calcium fluoride. The Findlay Arch mineral district produces interesting crystals of fluorite in brown and sometimes purple, green, and yellow, usually in association with calcite and other minerals common to the district. </p>
<p><strong>Galena </strong>– Lead sulfide. This gray-colored heavy mineral is an ore of lead. Small cubic crystals of galena occur in the Findlay Arch mineral district. </p>
<p><strong>Gold</strong> – This native element occurs as small flakes and is found by panning gravel in the beds of modern streams. Gold was transported to Ohio by glaciers of the Pleistocene Ice Age and modern streams have eroded the glacial sediments and concentrated the gold particles. Many streams in the glaciated portion of the state, or rivers draining the glaciated areas have produced small amounts of gold.</p>
<p><strong>Gypsum </strong>– Hydrous calcium sulfate. Gypsum occurs in massive form in northern Ohio, where it was mined until recently. Moderately large, well-formed crystals of clear selenite gypsum are found in northeastern Ohio in silts and clays deposited in beds of former glacial lakes. </p>
<p><strong>Hematite </strong>– Iron oxide. This mineral occurs as reddish to grayish nodules in rocks of Pennsylvanian age in eastern Ohio. These nodules are comparatively heavy because of the iron content. Early charcoal-fired iron furnaces in Ohio used hematite ores as the source of iron. </p>
<p><strong>Marcasite</strong> <strong>– </strong>Iron sulfide. Gold-colored marcasite look similar to pyrite but has a different crystal structure. It is found primarily in the Devonian-age Ohio Shale.</p>
<p><strong>Melanterite – </strong>Hydrous iron sulfate. Melanterite was formerly known as copperas. This is one of several minerals found in Ohio that are termed efflorescences. They occur as small, delicate crystals on the surface of coal beds and shales such as the Ohio Shale where evaporation draws mineral-bearing waters to the surface. </p>
<p><strong>Pyrite </strong>– Iron sulfide. Pyrite occurs in brassy crystals or sometimes as nodules in Devonian and Pennsylvanian shales. This mineral is commonly known as “fool’s gold” because it has been mistaken so often for gold due to its gold color. </p>
<p><strong>Quartz </strong>– Silicon dioxide. In addition to flint, quartz occurs as small crystals in association with dolomites in western Ohio. The flint beds at Flint Ridge commonly have small vugs lined with quartz crystals. </p>
<p><strong>Sphalerite</strong> <strong>– </strong>Zinc sulfide. Generally found as small, brown to reddish-brown crystals in Silurian dolomites in southern Ohio in the Serpent Mound zinc district. This mineral is also found in concretions in the Devonian-age Ohio Shale.</p>
<p><strong>Strontianite </strong>– Strontium carbonate. Strontianite occurs as small white crystals or powdery masses in cavities or vugs in Silurian dolomites in the Findlay Arch mineral district. </p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Celestite (Strontium Sulfate)]]
*[[Barite]]
*[[Flint]]
*[[Pennsylvanian Period]]
*[[Silurian Period]]
*[[Calcite (Calcium Carbonate)]]
*[[Concretions]]
*[[Crystal]]
*[[Fossil]]
*[[Clay and Shale]]
*[[Findlay Arch]]
*[[Igneous]]
*[[Metamorphic Rock]]
*[[Ohio Shale]]
*[[Sedimentary Rock]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geology]]

Melanterite (Hydrous Iron Sulfate)

2013-05-23T19:28:33Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>The name of this mineral comes from a Greek word meaning "copper water," which refers to a process of extracting metallic copper using copper-bearing water and ir..."

<p>The name of this mineral comes from a Greek word meaning "copper water," which refers to a process of extracting metallic copper using copper-bearing water and iron. Because melanterite has the same chemical makeup as the waste from that process, the mineral sometimes is called "copperas." Melanterite is one of the few minerals that dissolve in water.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Aggregate]]
*[[Efflorescence]]
*[[Fibrous]]
*[[Opaque]]
*[[Clay and Shale]]
*[[Ohio Shale]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geology]]

Time

2013-05-23T19:28:16Z

Admin: Created page with "<div class="quote"> <blockquote>Go down to Kew in lilac-time, in lilac-time, in lilac-time; Go down to Kew in lilac-time (it isn't far from London!) And you shall wander ha..."

<div class="quote">
<blockquote>Go down to Kew in lilac-time, in lilac-time, in lilac-time; Go down to Kew in lilac-time (it isn't far from London!) And you shall wander hand in hand with love in summer's wonderland; Go down to Kew in lilac-time (it isn't far from London!)</blockquote>
<p>The Barrel-Organ, Alfred Noyes</p></div>
<p>In the year 2003, Ohio will celebrate its 200th anniversary. But Ohio's "history" is a lot longer than 200 years. Humans have been in Ohio for thousands of years. And Ohio's rocks, soils, weather and other geographic features are millions of years old.Personal TimePersonal time is the direct experience of an individual person. It can be less than 1 second, or an entire lifetime. Through memory, anticipation, and fulfillment individual humans experience personal time. People often use watches and clocks to keep track of their personal time.Historic TimeHistoric time has existed since humans started to record their lives and events several thousand years ago. Ever since then, written records and oral traditions have brought together extended periods of time that are longer than a single human life. Also, written records unite the individual experiences of two, three, or many persons into collective experiences. These written records may be the history of your own family.</p>
<p>Compared with personal time, historic time on this earth is very long. It gives a much larger perspective than does individual human experience. </p> <img width="344" height="264" title="Image of a honey locust" alt="Image of a honey locust" src="images/naturalHistory/intro/honeylocust.jpg" />
<p>In 1947, when this slice was cut from a honey locust tree in Dayton, Ohio, the tree was 151 years old. Changing growth conditions during each year of the tree's life left visible, annual rings in its wood. Knowing when the tree was cut, we can count backwards through the historic time that spans 1 1/2 centuries and mark the time of events from the life of artist John James Audubon in 1803, to the end of the Second World War in 1945.</p>
<h2>Geologic Time</h2> <img width="184" height="344" border="0" title="Image of sullivant minerals" alt="Image of sullivant minerals" src="images/naturalHistory/intro/sullivantminerals.jpg" />
<p>Geologic time covers a VERY long period of time, often counting hundreds, even thousands of millions of years. If we think in terms of human life-spans --- using 70 years as the average --- one hundred million years would be the equal to about 1.43 million human lives strung out in succession, one after the other. The human experience with time does not let us easily understand such an immense span of time. During the mid-1800s, Joseph Sullivant of Columbus, Ohio made this collection of minerals and related objects. It was his personal collection, part of his personal experience, and so a part of his personal time. Since the collection contains geological specimens, it also represents geologic time. Also, since Sullivant gave the collection to his daughters, who later gave it to the Ohio Historical Society, this collection represents the accumulated experience of several persons, or historic time.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Dayton, Ohio]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geography]][[Category:Science and Medicine]]

Time in Perspective

2013-05-23T19:28:16Z

Admin: Created page with "<h2>Colonial Period </h2> <h3>1620</h3> <p>Pilgrims establish the Plymouth colony in what is now Massachusetts.</p> <h3>1670 </h3> <p>LaSalle, a French explorer and the fi..."

<h2>Colonial Period </h2>
<h3>1620</h3>
<p>Pilgrims establish the Plymouth colony in what is now Massachusetts.</p>
<h3>1670 </h3>
<p>LaSalle, a French explorer and the first European in the Ohio Country, discovers the Ohio River.</p>
<h3>1747</h3>
<p>The Ohio Company of Virginia forms to settle the Ohio River Valley.</p>
<h3>1754</h3>
<p>French and Indian War begins.</p>
<hr />
<h2>The United States</h2>
<h3>1775 - 1783</h3>
<p>The American Revolution.</p>
<h3>1787</h3>
<p>The United Stated Constitution is adopted.</p>
<hr />
<h2>Territorial Period</h2>
<h3>1787</h3>
<p>The Northwest Ordinance establishes the Northwest Territory, which includes the Ohio Country.</p>
<h3>1788</h3>
<p>Marietta, Ohio's first permanent settlement, is founded.</p>
<h3>1795</h3>
<p>The Treaty of Greenville is signed, ending Indian Wars in Ohio.</p>
<h3>1800</h3>
<p>Chillicothe becomes the capitol of the eastern part of the Northwest Territory.</p>
<hr />
<h2>Statehood</h2>
<h3>1803</h3>
<p>Ohio becomes the 17th state.</p>
<h3>1812 - 1814</h3>
<p>War of 1812.</p>
<h3>1814</h3>
<p>The first steam-powered riverboats appeared on the Ohio River.</p>
<h3>1816</h3>
<p>Columbus becomes the permanent capitol of Ohio.</p>
<h3>1825</h3>
<p>Work on the National Road and the canal system begins in Ohio.</p>
<h3>1837</h3>
<p>Queen Victoria begins her 64 year reign in England, commonly known as the Victorian period.</p>
<h3>1846</h3>
<p>The Mexican American War</p>
<h3>1847</h3>
<p>First U.S. postage stamps.</p>
<h3>1848</h3>
<p>Discovery of gold in California.</p>
<h3>1852</h3>
<p>Publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin by Ohio writer Harriet Beecher Stowe.</p>
<h3>1860</h3>
<p>Abraham Lincoln elected president.</p>
<h3>1861 - 1865</h3>
<p>America's Civil War.</p>
<h3>1876</h3>
<p>Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.</p>
<h3>1879</h3>
<p>Ohioan Thomas Edison invents the light bulb.</p>
<h3>1880</h3>
<p>Ohioan James A. Garfield becomes the 20th President of the United States.</p>
<h3>1894</h3>
<p>The first gasoline-powered car in the U.S.</p>
<h3>1903</h3>
<p>Ohioans Orville and Wilbur Wright fly their first airplane.</p>
<h3>1914 - 1918</h3>
<p>The First World War.</p>
<h3>1929 - 1941</h3>
<p>The Great Depression.</p>
<h3>1935</h3>
<p>Ohio's first sales tax.</p>
<h3>1941 - 1945</h3>
<p>The Second World War entangles the United States and Ohio.</p>
<h3>1950 - 1953</h3>
<p>The Korean War.</p>
<h3>1962</h3>
<p>Ohioan John Glenn orbits the earth.</p>
<h3>1963</h3>
<p>William O. Walker becomes Ohio's first African-American cabinet member.</p>
<h3>1965 - 1974</h3>
<p>Ohio's involvement in the Vietnam War.</p>
<h3>1967</h3>
<p>Carl Stokes becomes the first African-American mayor of a major city (Cleveland).</p>
<h3>1969</h3>
<p>Neil Armstrong becomes the first person to walk on the moon.</p>
<h3>1979</h3>
<p>Public schools in Columbus, Dayton and Cleveland begin busing of pupils to eliminate segregation.</p>
<h3>1982</h3>
<p>Ohio has its highest unemployment rate since the Great Depression: 14.2%.</p>
<h3>1995</h3>
<p>International negotiations at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton led to the Bosnian peace agreement.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Cleveland, Ohio]]
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Dayton, Ohio]]
*[[Greenville, Ohio]]
*[[Public Schools]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geography]][[Category:Science and Medicine]]

Where in the World is Ohio?

2013-05-23T19:28:14Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>Historically, Ohio's geographic location made it an important American crossroads. Early settlers developed major transportation routes between Lake Erie to the North and t..."

<p>Historically, Ohio's geographic location made it an important American crossroads. Early settlers developed major transportation routes between Lake Erie to the North and the Ohio River to the South. Also, a major east-west transportation route developed between Pittsburgh to the East and the Mississippi River to the West. Both of these routes crossed in Ohio.</p>

<h2>How to Play:</h2>
<ol>
<li>Follow the directions on the screen to find out about Ohio's location in the world!</li>
<li>Look for the game arrow that points the way to the next screen after a right answer.</li>
<li>Hit the reload button in your browser at any time to start the game over.</li>
</ol>

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<p>(Note: You will need the <a href="http://www.macromedia.com/shockwave/download/alternates/"><img src="images/naturalHistory/intro/get_shockwave.gif" align="middle" height="31" width="88" /> plug-in</a> and a compatible browser to play the interactive game).</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Lake Erie]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geography]]

Milk Cows

2013-05-23T19:28:07Z

Admin: Created page with "<p>During the early days of settlement in Ohio, farmers found it very difficult to control and keep dairy cattle. Also for many years, a disease called "milk sickness" was a s..."

<p>During the early days of settlement in Ohio, farmers found it very difficult to control and keep dairy cattle. Also for many years, a disease called "milk sickness" was a serious problem in Ohio.</p>
<h2>Recent Changes in Milk Cow Inventory (Count)</h2>
<table width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" class="stats">
<thead><tr>
<th scope="col">Year</th>
<th scope="col">Number of Cows</th> </tr></thead><tr><td scope="row">1947</td><td>1,100,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">1955</td><td>900,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">1965</td><td>600,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">1975</td><td>400,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">1985</td><td>400,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">1995</td><td>300,000</td></tr></table>
<p>In 1992, approximately 7,000 Ohio farms had a total of about 295,000 head of milk cows. The top eight counties had approximate totals of:</p>
<table width="60%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" class="stats">
<thead><tr>
<th scope="col">County</th>
<th scope="col">Number of Cows</th> </tr></thead><tr><td scope="row">Wayne</td><td>32,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Mercer</td><td>19,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Holmes</td><td>17,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Columbiana</td><td>10,500 </td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Ashtabula</td><td>10,100</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Stark</td><td>10,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Tuscarawas</td><td>10,000</td></tr><tr><td scope="row">Ashland</td><td>11,000</td></tr></table>[[Category:Natural History Geography]]

Aviation

2013-05-23T19:27:57Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Airport.jpg }} <h2>Facts</h2> <ul> <li>Ohio has 9,961 registered aircraft.</li> <li>There are 19,000 registered pilots in the state.</li> <li>..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Airport.jpg]]
}}
<h2>Facts</h2>
<ul>
<li>Ohio has 9,961 registered aircraft.</li>
<li>There are 19,000 registered pilots in the state.</li>
<li>Ohio has 1,005 airports and heliports, both commercial and private.</li>
<li>The state has 1 Public Use Seaplane Landing Area.</li></ul>
<p>The Wright Brothers & Dayton Ohio's involvement with aviation began in the late 1890s, when the Wright Brothers' conducted research in Dayton, Ohio. After their first flight in 1903, they made many test flights of their early "flyers" at their private field near Dayton.</p>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Dayton, Ohio]]
*[[Wright Brothers]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geography]][[Category:The Progressive Era]][[Category:Business and Industry]][[Category:Transportation]]

Mineral Resources

2013-05-23T19:27:50Z

Admin: Created page with "{{infobox | image = File:Flint, White.jpg | caption = White Flint, Highland County, Ohio }} <blockquote>This 'Flint Ridge' must have been as valuable to the Indians...as t..."

{{infobox
| image = [[File:Flint, White.jpg]]
| caption = White Flint, Highland County, Ohio
}}
<blockquote>This 'Flint Ridge' must have been as valuable to the Indians...as the coal and iron mines of Ohio and Pennsylvania are to the white men of the present day.</blockquote>
<p>Henry Howe, 1888.</p>
<p>The practice of mining in Ohio began with the prehistoric, Native American Indians, long before Euro-Americans and Afro-Americans migrated into the Ohio Country. These "first Ohioans" dug flint for both tools and weapons. They also used flint as a trade item. Furthermore, the Indians removed salt from natural brines that occur mainly in the eastern half of the state. And they used clay in making pottery.</p>
<p>During the 1800s, Ohioans began to use the state's mineral resources. As the state grew so did its production of native minerals. These energy and industrial minerals became a very important factor in the development of Ohio's economic importance. There is no production of precious gems in Ohio.</p>
<h3>Resources</h3>
<ul>
<li>Knepper, George W.<em>Ohio and Its People;</em>Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1989.</li>
<li>Ohio Division of Geological Survey<em>1997 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries;</em>Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Columbus, 1998.</li>
<li>Peacefull, Leonard, ed.<em>A Geography of Ohio;</em>Kent State University Press, Kent, Ohio, 1996.</li>
<li>Wolfe, Mark E., compiler<em>1997 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries;</em>Ohio Division of Geological Survey; 1998</li></ul>
==See Also==
<div class="seeAlsoText">
*[[Columbus, Ohio]]
*[[Flint Ridge]]
*[[American Indians]]
*[[Clay and Shale]]
</div>
[[Category:Natural History Geology]]