Frontier Ohio

Europeans viewed Ohio as the frontier even before they began to explore the area in the seventeenth century. The first explorers were French, but British ones soon followed their earlier counterparts. By the mid eighteenth century, French and British traders arrived in the region, trading for furs with the local American Indian populace. Tensions quickly erupted between the French and the British, resulting in the French and Indian War. The British won this war, driving the French from the Ohio Country and the rest of North America.

British settlers soon moved into the Ohio Country, despite British attempts to prevent this from occurring. Following Great Britain's defeat in the American Revolution, the newly independent American states controlled what is now Ohio. The Confederation Congress and, then, the United States government arranged for the surveying and sale of this land. Tensions between whites and American Indians quickly erupted as more and more whites entered the region. Relatively quickly, the federal government, through warfare and treaties, secured the land for the whites. During the first years of the nineteenth century, a sufficient number of whites lived in what is now Ohio for the region to become a state. This officially occurred on February 19, 1803, making Ohio the seventeenth state in the United States of America. Although Ohio was now a state, a sizable portion of Ohio remained unsettled by whites. Settlers continued to move into these areas for the next forty years, slowly bringing schools, businesses, and new transportation networks into the state. By the late 1840s, the federal government had removed the last sizable group of American Indians from Ohio, and whites now occupied all parts of the state. The frontier had now moved further west.

To learn more about this topic in Ohio's history, please browse these entries at your leisure.

There are 349 entries matching this topic. They are listed below in alphabetical order.

Adams County: Arthur St. Clair established Adams County on July 10, 1797. He named the county after John Adams, the President of the United States in 1797. . . .
Alder, Jonathan: Jonathan Alder, a captive of Native Americans, was born in Maryland, on September 17, 1773. Two years later his family moved to Wythe County, Virginia. When Alder was seven years of age, Indians captured him and his younger brother. . . .
Alexandria, Ohio: Alexandria, Ohio, which was located in Scioto County, was the first Euro-American settlement on the west bank of the Scioto River at its juncture with the Ohio River. . . .
Algonquian Indians: The Algonquian Indians are a variety of groups of Native Americans who all speak languages closely related to one another. The Algonquian language group is one of the largest in native America. . . .
American Frontier: As it relates to Ohio, the American Frontier Era began with the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. Some English colonists, such as missionaries for the Moravian Church, fur trappers, and struggling eastern farmers, had moved west of the Appalachian Mountains to the Ohio Country and other areas before 1776. . . .
American Indians: American Indian is a term applied to a person descended from the original inhabitants of the land that is now the continental United States of America. . . .
American Revolution: The American Revolution was fought between England and thirteen of its North American colonies. Most historians maintain that the war began on April 19, 1775, with the battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts, although the colonies did not officially approve and issue a Declaration of Independence until July 4, 1776. . . .
An Act to Regulate Trade and Intercourse With the Indian Tribes, and to Preserve Peace on the Frontiers (Transcript): Transcript of "An Act to Regulate Trade and Intercourse With the Indian Tribes, and to Preserve Peace on the Frontiers," approved, March 3. 1799. . . .
Articles of Confederation: The Articles of Confederation was the earliest form of government of the newly independent British colonies. The United States Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation. . . .
Articles of Confederation (Transcript): Transcript of the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America . . .
Athens, Ohio: Athens is the county seat of Athens County, Ohio. . . .
Baldwin, Michael: Michael Baldwin was an important political figure in the early history of Ohio. He served as the leader of the "Bloodhounds," a group of men who opposed the governor of the Northwest Territory, Arthur St. Clair. . . .
Baptist Church: Baptists are a Christian religious group. Many Baptists belong to the Protestant movement of Christianity. They believe that a person can attain salvation through faith in God and Jesus Christ. Baptists also believe in the sanctity of the Bible. . . .
Barlow, Joel: Joel Barlow was an American poet, diplomat and political figure in the early history of the United States. . . .
Battle of Fallen Timbers: The Battle of Fallen Timbers was an important victory for the United States Army against natives in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Battle of Piqua: Throughout the American Revolution, Shawnee warriors conducted raids against American settlements in Kentucky. In November 1782, George Rogers Clark, hoping to prevent further attacks, led a detachment of militiamen against the Shawnee Indians living at modern-day Piqua, Ohio. . . .
Battle of Point Pleasant: The Battle of Point Pleasant, fought on October 10, 1774, was the decisive battle of Lord Dunmore's War. . . .
Battle of the Olentangy: In 1782, William Crawford led a combined force of Virginians and Pennsylvanians in an attack on Mingo Indians and Delaware Indians along the Sandusky River. David Williamson and a number of the men who had participated in the Gnadenhutten Massacre of Delaware Indians were among his troops. . . .
Battle of the Sandusky: In 1782, William Crawford led a combined force of Virginians and Pennsylvanians in an attack on Mingo Indians and Delaware Indians along the Sandusky River. David Williamson and a number of the men who had participated in the Gnadenhutten Massacre of Delaware Indians were among his troops. . . .
Beaver Wars: Beginning in the 1600s, the Iroquois Indians participated in the fur trade principally with Dutch and British merchants, although a few Iroquois also traded with the French. . . .
Belmont County: Formed on September 1, 1801, Belmont County was one of Ohio's earliest counties. It originally was a county in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Benedict, Platt: Platt Benedict was the first permanent white settler of Norwalk, Ohio. . . .
Big Bottom Massacre: The Big Bottom Massacre was a famous encounter between Northwest Territory settlers and local American Indian tribes in 1791. . . .
Bird, Henry: During the American Revolution, Captain Henry Bird led a combined force of British troops and Shawnee Indians against white settlements in Kentucky. In 1779, Colonel John Bowman and a band of three hundred Kentuckians attacked Native Americans living near modern-day Xenia, Ohio. . . .
Boneyfiddle, Ohio: Boneyfiddle was one of the first Euro-American settlements in Scioto County, Ohio. . . .
Boone, Daniel: Daniel Boone was a man of the frontier in early America. As the frontier moved, he moved with it and became one of the most well-known men of his time. . . .
Bouquet's Expedition: In 1764, Colonel Henry Bouquet led an expedition into the Ohio country to put down an Indian uprising that later came to be called Pontiac's Rebellion. . . .
Bouquet, Henry: Colonel Henry Bouquet was a prominent British military commander in the Ohio Country during the French and Indian War (1754-1763) and Pontiac's Rebellion (1763). . . .
Braddock, Edward: Edward Braddock was born near Perth, Scotland in 1695. He joined the British army at the age of fifteen. He rose through the ranks and had become a major general by 1754. . . .
Bradstreet, John: John Bradstreet was an English military commander in America during the French and Indian War and Pontiac's Rebellion. . . .
Brickell, John: John Brickell was captured by the Delaware Indians when he was ten and lived among them for four years. . . .
British Era: The British Era began with England's victory over France in the French and Indian War. The British acquired the Ohio Country through the Treaty of Paris (1763), although many of the Native Americans living in the area did not agree with the loss of French influence. . . .
Brodhead, Daniel: During the American Revolution, Daniel Brodhead served for a brief time period as the commander of Fort Pitt. . . .
Burr, Aaron: Aaron Burr was the third Vice President of the United States. . . .
Butler County: On March 24, 1803, the State of Ohio established Butler County. The county was named in honor of Richard Butler, who was killed in St. Clair's defeat in 1791. It was originally part of Hamilton County. . . .
Butler, Richard: Richard Butler was a frontiersman and military leader in the years before, during and after the American Revolution. . . .
Byrd, Charles W.: Charles Willing Byrd was an early Ohio political leader and jurist. . . .
Cadiz, Ohio: Cadiz is the county seat of Harrison County, Ohio. . . .
Campbell, Mary: During the French and Indian War (1756-1763) the Delaware Indians captured Mary Campbell. . . .
Campus Martius: Campus Martius was the name the settlers of Marietta gave to the fortifications they built to protect their new settlement. . . .
Canadian Ohioans: Numerous Ohioans are descended from both French and English Canadian ancestors. Today, Canadian Ohioans continue to enhance Ohio's cultural and social landscape. . . .
Canal Lands: During the 1820s, the United States Congress gave the State of Ohio approximately one million acres of Congress Lands to facilitate the construction of canals in the state. This grant became known as the Canal Lands. . . .
Carter, Lorenzo: Lorenzo Carter was the first permanent white settler of Cleveland, Ohio. . . .
Catahecassa: Black Hoof was a chief of the Shawnee Indians. Little is known about his early years. Some historians believe he was born in 1717, but this seems unlikely considering that he lived until 1831. . . .
Celeron de Bienville's Expedition: In 1748, Comte de la Galissoniere, the highest-ranking French official in North America, ordered Celeron de Bienville (also spelled Celeron de Blainville) to take 250 French soldiers to the Ohio Country to renew old friendships with local Native Americans and to drive the English traders from the region. . . .
Centinel of the North-Western Territory: The Centinel of the North-Western Territory was the first newspaper published in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Chillicothe, Ohio: Chillicothe is the county seat of Ross County. . . .
Chippewa Indians: The Chippewa Indians, also known as the Ojibwa, lived mainly in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Ontario, Canada. . . .
Cincinnati, Ohio: From modest beginnings, Cincinnati soon became the "Queen City of the West". . . .
Clark, George R.: George Rogers Clark was born near Charlottesville, Virginia, on November 19, 1752. He received little formal schooling, but in his late teens, Clark's grandfather taught him how to survey the land. In 1772, Clark put his training to use. . . .
Cleaveland, Moses: Moses Cleaveland was the founder of Cleveland, Ohio. . . .
Clermont County: On December 6, 1800, the Northwest Territory authorized the creation of Clermont County. The county took its name from the French phrase for "clear mountain." . . .
Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland was the first settlement founded in the Connecticut Western Reserve by the Connecticut Land Company. It was named after General Moses Cleaveland, an investor in the company who led the survey of its land within the Western Reserve. . . .
Columbiana County: The State of Ohio created Columbiana County on March 25, 1803. Residents combined Columbus and Anna, after Christopher Columbus and Queen Anna, to create the county's name. The county was originally parts of Jefferson and Washington Counties. . . .
Confederation Congress: The Confederation Congress was the legislative branch of government established by the Articles of Confederation of the newly independent United States of America. . . .
Congress Lands: The Congress Lands were areas in the Northwest Territory held and sold directly by the United States in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Connecticut Land Company: The Connecticut Land Company consisted of a group of investors who bought a large part of the Western Reserve of Connecticut in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Connecticut Western Reserve: The Connecticut Western Reserve was an area in the Northwest Territory held, sold and distributed by the State of Connecticut in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Coonskin Library: The Coonskin Library was founded in 1804 in Ames, Ohio. It was one of the first circulating libraries in Ohio. . . .
Crawford, William: William Crawford was born in Virginia in 1732. He was a farmer and a surveyor for most of his life, although he is more commonly known for his military experiences. . . .
Creighton Jr., William: William Creighton, Jr., was Ohio's first Secretary of State. . . .
Cresap, Michael: Michael Cresap was a frontiersman born in Maryland on April 17, 1742. He spent part of his adult years in the Ohio Country as a trader and land developer. . . .
Cutler, Manasseh: Although he did not spend that much time in the state, Manasseh Cutler was a major figure in the settling of Ohio in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Dayton, Ohio: Dayton is the county seat of Montgomery County, Ohio. In 1796, Israel Ludlow surveyed and platted the town of Dayton along the Great Miami River near the mouth of the Mad River in what is now southwest Ohio. . . .
de Bienville, Celeron: Celeron de Bienville was a French military leader and explorer of Ohio in the mid 1700's. His 1749 expedition to the Ohio Country is one of the more memorable of the era. . . .
de La Salle, Rene R.: Rene Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle was a French explorer and the first European known to have seen the Ohio River. . . .
Declaration of Independence: On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress formally approved and issued the Declaration of Independence. Thomas Jefferson wrote the document. . . .
Declaration of Independence (Transcript): A transcript of the Declaration of Independence. . . .
Delaware Indians: The Delaware Indians, also called the Lenape, originally lived along the Delaware River in New Jersey. They speak a form of the Algonquian language and are thus related to the Miami Indians, Ottawa Indians, and Shawnee Indians. . . .
Democratic-Republican Party: The Democratic-Republican Party was one of the first two political parties in United States history. . . .
Denman, Matthias: Matthias Denman was one of the founders of the settlement that became Cincinnati, Ohio. . . .
Der Ohio Adler: Der Ohio Adler was a German-American newspaper published in Lancaster, Ohio. . . .
Dinwiddie, Robert: Robert Dinwiddie was the royal lieutenant governor of Virginia from 1751 to 1758. He was born in Scotland in 1693. . . .
Dohrman's Grant: During the American Revolution, Arnold Henry Dohrman (1749-1813) served as a representative of the Confederation Congress to Portugal. . . .
Dohrman, Arnold H.: During the American Revolution, Arnold Henry Dohrman (1749-1813) served as a representative of the Confederation Congress to Portugal. . . .
Donation Tract: After the Ohio Company of Associates purchased land in the Northwest Territory from the American government, the company began to organize that land for settlement. To encourage more settlement in the region, Congress also gave the company a grant of approximately 100,000 acres in 1792. . . .
Dudley's Defeat: Dudley's Defeat was an important battle during the War of 1812. The battle took place during the first siege of Fort Meigs. . . .
Dudley, William: William Dudley was an important American military commander during the War of 1812. . . .
Duer, William: William Duer was a political leader and real estate entrepreneur in the years of the American Revolution and the new nation. . . .
Dunlavy, Francis: Francis Dunlavy was an early Ohio jurist and political leader. . . .
Dunmore, John M.: John Murray, Lord Dunmore was a royal governor of Virginia in the years before the American Revolution. He was born in Scotland in 1732. He came from a noble family and was descended from royalty. In 1761, at the young age of twenty-nine years, . . .
Ebenezer Zane Tracts: In 1796, the United States Congress granted Ebenezer Zane three tracts of land as partial payment for his completion of Zane's Trace. . . .
Eel River Indians: The Eel River Indians were a tribe living primarily in northwestern Indiana during the late 1700s and the early 1800s. . . .
Elliott, Matthew: Matthew Elliott was a British Indian Agent and militia officer in the years between the American Revolution and the War of 1812, Born in Ireland about 1739, Elliott migrated to America in 1761, . . .
Enabling Act of 1802: On April 30, 1802, President Thomas Jefferson signed the Enabling Act of 1802. This act called for the admittance of Ohio as soon as possible as a state within the United States of America. . . .
English Ohioans: Numerous Ohioans are descended from English ancestors. Today, English Ohioans continue to enhance Ohio's cultural and social landscape. . . .
Ephraim Kimberly Tract: Ephraim (sometimes spelled Ephriam) Kimberly received three hundred acres of Congress Lands from the United States Congress for his service in the American Revolution. . . .
Episcopal Church: The Episcopal Church was founded in 1789 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. . . .
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America: Today, Lutheranism is one of the largest Protestant denominations in the world, with approximately eighty million members. In the United States, there are several different Lutheran denominations. The largest is known as the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. . . .
Fairfield County: On December 9, 1800, the government of the Northwest Territory authorized the creation of Fairfield County. Residents named the county after the area's "fair fields." Zane's Trace passed through the county. The population grew as people moved westward into the Northwest Territory. . . .
Federalist Party: The Federalist Party was one of the first two political parties in United States history. . . .
Findlay, James: James Findlay was an early Ohio military and political leader . . .
Firelands: The Firelands was part of the Western Reserve of Connecticut in the Northwest Territory. . . .
First White Wedding in Cleveland: The first wedding between a white man and a white woman in Cleveland took place on July 4, 1797. . . .
Fort Defiance: In August 1794, Anthony Wayne ordered the construction of Fort Defiance at the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee Rivers. Wayne had the fort built during his campaign against Ohio Native Americans to provide his men with protection and as a staging ground for future operations. . . .
Fort Detroit: French explorer and soldier Antoine Laumet de la Mothe Cadillac originally built Fort Detroit in 1701, naming it Fort Pontchartrain. The French hoped to use the fort to build alliances with the Indians living in the Ohio valley in order to protect their interests in the region from British encroachment. . . .
Fort Duquesne: Fort Duquesne was a French fort in western Pennsylvania in the French and Indian War (1756-1763). . . .
Fort Gower Resolutions: The Fort Gower Resolutions were an expression of the increasing spirit of American independence as the American Revolution was about to begin. . . .
Fort Greene Ville: In late 1793, American General Anthony Wayne ordered the construction of Fort Greene Ville, named for his friend and comrade in the American Revolution Nathaniel Greene. Wayne's army was marching against Native Americans along the Maumee River. . . .
Fort Hamilton: Arthur St. Clair, a general in the United States Army, ordered the construction of Fort Hamilton in September 1791. The fort was the first of many built north from Cincinnati in Native American territory. . . .
Fort Harmar: The United States Army built Fort Harmar after the American Revolution. In 1784, the Congress created by the Articles of Confederation dispatched Colonel Josiah Harmar to the Ohio frontier to discourage illegal settlers or "squatters" from moving into Ohio. . . .
Fort Jefferson: In October 1791, General Arthur St. Clair ordered the construction of a fort roughly six miles south of modern-day Greenville, Ohio. He intended to use the site as a supply depot for his campaign against the Miami Indians. . . .
Fort Laurens: Fort Laurens was constructed in the Ohio Country in 1778. During the American Revolution, most Native Americans residing in the Ohio Country allied themselves with the British. . . .
Fort Loramie: In 1794, General Anthony Wayne ordered the construction of Fort Loramie. It was located at the portage between St. Mary's River and modern-day Loramie's Creek. . . .
Fort Miamis: British soldiers constructed Fort Miamis in 1794. British authorities feared that Anthony Wayne and his army planned to march against Fort Detroit, a major stronghold. . . .
Fort Necessity: Fort Necessity was a small stockade in western Pennsylvania built by Virginia Militia led by George Washington in 1754. . . .
Fort Recovery: In December 1793, General Anthony Wayne ordered one United States artillery unit and eight infantry companies to the site of St. Clair's Defeat. The soldiers were to construct a fort on the former battlefield. Wayne intended to use this fort as a staging area for his assault against Ohio natives in the spring of 1794. He named the stockade Fort Recovery. . . .
Fort Sandusky: Fort Sandusky was a fort built and used by British troops in the Ohio Country during Pontiac's Rebellion and the French and Indian War. . . .
Fort Steuben: In 1786, the United States government built Fort Steuben within the area known as the Seven Ranges in what is now southeastern Ohio. The federal government had arranged for a survey of this area in order to prepare for the settlement of the Northwest Territory. . . .
Fort Washington: In 1789, Fort Washington was built to protect early settlements located in the Symmes Purchase in the Miami Valley of what is now southwestern Ohio. The fort was located in modern-day Cincinnati and protected settlers of that city in its early years. . . .
Franklin County: On March 30, 1803, the State of Ohio authorized the creation of Franklin County. The county originally was part of Ross County. The county was named in honor of Benjamin Franklin. . . .
Franklinton, Ohio: In 1797, Lucas Sullivant laid out a town on the west bank of the Scioto. He was a great admirer of Benjamin Franklin and named the town Franklinton. . . .
Freemasons: Freemasons belong to the one of the largest fraternal organizations in the world. Originally, the Freemasons were an organization for stonecutters, but during the 1600s, the Masons opened their doors to men of all social rankings. . . .
Fremont, Ohio: Fremont is the county seat of Sandusky County, Ohio. It was originally known as Lower Sandusky. . . .
French and Indian War: The French and Indian War (1754 -1763) was one in a series of wars fought between England and France beginning in the late 1600s. . . .
French Era: During the French Era (c.1700-1763), the power of the Iroquois Indians declined and other tribes began to move into the Ohio Country. French traders began to build trading posts in the region and dominated the fur trade with the Native Americans. . . .
French Grant: The French Grant was one of the many land divisions established in the late eighteenth century in what is now Ohio. . . .
French Ohioans: Numerous Ohioans are descended from French ancestors. Today, French Ohioans continue to enhance Ohio's cultural and social landscape. . . .
Frontier Education: There were limited educational opportunities in Ohio prior to statehood. Most parents educated their children at home, although there were a number of schools founded in towns and villages. . . .
Frontier Women: Women faced many challenges on the Ohio frontier. The first white women arrived in the Ohio Country around the time of the American Revolution, as wives of missionaries and soldiers. . . .
Fur Trade: The fur trade in North America began with the earliest contacts between Native Americans and the Europeans. Within a few years of their arrival in the New World, French, English, and Dutch fur traders were competing with each other to form trading relationships with the Indians. . . .
Gallia County: On March 25, 1803, the Ohio legislature established Gallia County. Gallia County was originally part of Washington County. Residents named the county after the kingdom of Gaul. . . .
Gallipolis, Ohio: Gallipolis is the county seat of Gallia County. . . .
Gelelemend: Killbuck was a tribal leader of the turtle clan of the Unami branch of the Delaware Indians. He became a chief when his grandfather, Newcomer, died in 1776. . . .
German Reformed Church: During the 1500s, John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli established the German Reformed Church in Switzerland. The church was formed in the midst of the Protestant Reformation. It was one of several denominations created in opposition to the Roman Catholic Church. . . .
Gilman, Joseph: Joseph Gilman was an early jurist and political leader in the Northwest Territory in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Girty, Simon: Simon Girty was a notable frontiersman in the Ohio Country in the years before, during, and following the American Revolution. . . .
Gist, Christopher: Christopher Gist was an explorer, surveyor and accomplished frontiersman. He was born about 1706 in Maryland to Richard and Zipporah Gist. Little is known of Gist's early years. . . .
Gnadenhutten: In 1772, Moravian missionaries founded a mission for Native Americans in the Ohio Country at Schoenbrunn ("Beautiful Spring" in German). Because of its success, Rev. David Zeisberger founded a second village in the same year at Gnadenhutten ("Tents of Grace" in German). Life at Gnadenhutten was similar to life at Schoenbrunn. . . .
Gnadenhutten Grant: Following the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the federal government opened the Northwest Territory to settlement by white Americans. Numerous white Americans either purchased or received land from the Confederation Congress and then, beginning in 1789, the United States government. One such group to receive land was the Moravians. . . .
Gnadenhutten Massacre: On March 8 and 9, 1782, a group of Pennsylvania militiamen under the command of Captain David Williamson attacked the Moravian Church mission founded by David Zeisberger at Gnadenhutten. . . .
Hamilton County: Hamilton County, Ohio, was established on January 2, 1790.. It was the second county formed in the Northwest Territory. Residents named the county in honor of Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Secretary of the Treasury of the United States and a founder of the Federalist Party. . . .
Hamilton, Henry: Henry Hamilton was the Lieutenant Governor of Canada and British commander of Fort Detroit during the American Revolution. . . .
Hamilton, Ohio: Hamilton is the county seat of Butler County.. . . .
Hand, Edward: Edward Hand was an American military and political leader in the American Revolution and the early years of the new nation. . . .
Hardin, John: John Hardin was a soldier in the American Revolution and in the early years of the new nation. He was born in Fauquier County, Virginia, in 1753. . . .
Harmar's Defeat: In 1790, Josiah Harmar, commander of the American army in the Northwest Territory, was stationed at Fort Washington (present-day Cincinnati). . . .
Harmar, Josiah: Josiah Harmar was born on November 10, 1753, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Although he attended a Quaker school, he did not share the religious beliefs of the Society of Friends. . . .
Harrison Land Act: In 1799, the legislature of the Northwest Territory selected William Henry Harrison to represent the territory in the United States House of Representatives. Upon taking his seat, Harrison immediately asked the House to assist in encouraging settlement of the Northwest Territory. . . .
Harrison Land Act of 1800 (Transcript): Transcript of the Harrison Land Act of 1800 . . .
Heckewelder, John G.: John Gottlieb Ernestus Heckewelder was a Moravian Missionary in the Ohio Country in the American Revolution and the early years of the new nation. . . .
Hokolesqua: Cornstalk was a leader of the Shawnee Indians. He was born about 1720. His Indian name was variously pronounced as Hokolesqua, Colesqua and Keigh-tugh-qua and was freely translated to mean "blade of corn". . . .
Hutchins, Thomas: Thomas Hutchins was an American surveyor, mapmaker and the first "geographer of the United States." . . .
Indian Land Grants: The Indian Land Grants were a type of land division in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Indiana Territory: The Indiana Territory at its greatest extent included modern-day Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan and part of Minnesota. It formerly was part of the Northwest Territory. . . .
Iroquois Era: The Iroquois Era was the time period when the Iroquois Indians claimed the land now known as Ohio. During the Beaver Wars, (1650-1700 A.D.) the Iroquois drove out most of the descendants of Ohio's prehistoric Indian cultures. . . .
Iroquois Indians: The Iroquois Indians originally lived along the Genesee River, the Mohawk River, and in the Finger Lakes region south of Lake Ontario in New York State. Around 1600, five tribes, the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas, banded together to form a confederacy. . . .
Isaac Zane Tract: Isaac Zane received three square miles of Congress Lands from the federal government for his contributions during the various Indian conflicts that occurred in the Northwest Territory during the early 1790s. . . .
Jefferson, Thomas: Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States. . . .
Jemison, Mary: Mary Jemison was a British woman that was taken captive by the French and the Shawnee during the French and Indian War. She spent the remainder of her life living as an Indian. . . .
Jesuit Relations: During the early 1600s, Jesuit missionaries arrived in New France (modern-day eastern North America) to convert Indians to the Roman Catholic faith. . . .
Jesuits: The Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits, is a significant religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. At the start of the twenty-first century, there were approximately twenty thousand Jesuits. . . .
Kaskaskia Indians: The Kaskaskia Indians lived mainly in Illinois and eastern Missouri when Europeans began to settle in North America. They were closely related to the Miami Indians. . . .
Kenton, Simon: Simon Kenton was a legendary frontiersman in Ohio and the Midwest. . . .
Kilbourne, James: James Kilbourne was the founder of Worthington, Ohio and a surveyor, merchant and political leader in the early years of Ohio statehood. . . .
King George's War: From 1744 until 1748, England and France were engaged in King George's War. This was the American phase of the larger War of the Austrian Succession from 1740 to 1748. . . .
Kingsbury Baby: The Kingsbury baby was the first child born to a white couple in the Connecticut Western Reserve. . . .
Konieschquanoheel: Captain Pipe was an hereditary chief of the Munsee-Delaware Indians during and after the American Revolution. . . .
Koquethagechton: White Eyes was a leader of the Delaware Indians. His Indian name was Koquethagechton. Due to his fair coloring, he was known to the settlers and frontiersmen as White Eyes. . . .
La Demoiselle: La Demoiselle, also called "Old Briton" by the British, was a leader of the Miami Indians at Pickawillany during the mid-1700s. . . .
Lancaster, Ohio: Lancaster is the county seat of Fairfield County. . . .
Land Between the Miamis: As the Northwest Territory was organized in the late 1700s, the federal government sold large portions of land to private companies and individuals. The purchasers included the Ohio Company of Associates, the Scioto Company, and land speculator John Cleves Symmes. . . .
Land Grants and Sales: Ohio lands were surveyed and sold by the federal government, private individuals, and by the states of Virginia and Connecticut. Since parts of the state were surveyed at different times, Ohio was divided into areas called survey "districts" or "land grants." . . .
Land Ordinance of 1785: In the Treaty of Paris (1783), which formally ended the American Revolution, England relinquished the Ohio Country to America. Despite this, the Confederation Congress faced numerous problems gaining control of the land. . . .
Lebanon, Ohio: Lebanon is the county seat of Warren County, Ohio. . . .
Lichtenau: In 1776, missionaries of the Moravian Church founded the settlement of Lichtenau. The purpose of the village was to convert the Delaware Indians of Ohio to Christianity. This was the third Moravian village built in the 1770s in the Ohio Country. . . .
Lisbon, Ohio: Lisbon is the county seat of Columbiana County. . . .
Lochry, Archibald: Archibald Lochry was a Pennsylvania militia leader in the American Revolution. . . .
Logan: The American Indian leader who came to be called Logan was born in Pennsylvania circa 1725. His father was a Cayuga Indian named Shikellamy. . . .
Logan's Lament: Logan was a leader of the Mingo Indians. He was a war leader but often urged his fellow natives not to attack whites settling in the Ohio Country. His attitude changed on May 3, 1774, when a group of Virginia settlers murdered approximately one dozen Mingos. . . .
Logan, Benjamin: Benjamin Logan was a military and political leader in the Ohio Country during the American Revolution and in the early years of the new nation. . . .
Logan, James: James Logan was a public servant and political leader in colonial Pennsylvania. He was born in Ireland in 1674. Logan was descended from Scottish royalty, and his parents made certain that their son was well educated. . . .
Logstown: Logstown was an Indian town located roughly eighteen miles south of the Ohio River's headwaters, at modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. . . .
Loramie's Store: In 1769, Pierre Loramie came to the Ohio Country as one of its earliest European settlers. Formally a citizen of France who lived in Canada, Loramie became an English citizen with the Treaty of Paris (1763). The English defeated the French in the French and Indian War. . . .
Lord Dunmore's War: Lord Dunmore's War was a confrontation between colonial Virginia and the Native Americans of the Ohio Country in 1774, and it was also a prelude to the American Revolution, which began the following year. . . .
Lower Shawnee Town: About 1738 the Shawnee Indians built a town at the mouth of the Scioto River which they called Lower Shawnee Town, one of the earliest Shawnee settlements in Ohio. . . .
Ludlow, Israel: During the 1780s and 1790s, Israel Ludlow was a surveyor and town planner in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Marietta, Ohio: Marietta was the first permanent settlement of the United States of America in the territory north and west of the Ohio River. . . .
Mary Campbell Cave: American Indians formerly used Old Maid's Kitchen, which also is known as Mary Campbell Cave, for shelter and to house white captives. . . .
Massie's Station: Massie's Station was the first permanent settlement in the Virginia Military District of the Northwest Territory in the years after the American Revolution. It was laid out along the Ohio River in 1790 near three islands. . . .
Massie, Nathaniel: Nathaniel Massie was a surveyor and land developer who helped to organize the Virginia Military District in Ohio in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Maumee Road Lands: In 1823, the United States Congress gave the State of Ohio approximately sixty thousand acres of Congress Lands. This grant became known as the Maumee Road Lands. . . .
Maxwell's Code: Maxwell's Code was the first comprehensive criminal and civil legal code for the Northwest Territory. . . .
Me-sa-sa: Turkey Foot or Me-sa-sa was a chief of the Ottawa Indians. . . .
Meigs, Jr, Return J.: Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. was a legislator, jurist and the fourth Governor of Ohio. . . .
Mennonite Church: Mennonites are a Christian religious group. They originated in the Netherlands and Switzerland during the early 1500s. Mennonites originally came together in opposition to certain actions and policies of the Roman Catholic Church. Their name is derived from the founder of the Mennonite Church in the Netherlands. His name was Menno Simons. . . .
Methodist Church: The Methodist Church is a Christian religious organization. The Methodist Church began in 1729, at the University of Oxford in England. A group of students met to study Christian religious subjects. They followed a very methodical approach to celebrate their faith, and critics referred to them as Methodists as a result. . . .
Miami Exporting Company: The Miami Exporting Company was the first bank chartered in Ohio by the state legislature. It was located in Cincinnati and received its charter in 1803. . . .
Miami Indians: The Miami Indians originally lived in Indiana, Illinois, and southern Michigan at the time of European arrival. The Miamis moved into the Maumee Valley around 1700, and they soon became one of the most powerful Indian tribes in Ohio. . . .
Miami Purchase: The Miami Purchase was an early land division in the region of what would become Ohio. . . .
Michikinikwa: Little Turtle was a war chief of the Miami Indians. He was born circa 1752 twenty miles northwest of modern-day Fort Wayne, Indiana. His Native American name was Michikinikwa. . . .
Mingo Indians: The Mingo Indians were a small group of Native Americans related to the Iroquois Indians. They are sometimes called the Ohio Seneca Indians. By 1750, the Mingos had left the Iroquois homeland in the state of New York and migrated to the Ohio Country. . . .
Montgomery County: On March 24, 1803, the Ohio legislature authorized the creation of Montgomery County. Residents named the county in honor of Richard Montgomery, a hero of the American Revolution. . . .
Montgomery, Ohio: First settled in 1796, the community of Montgomery is a suburb of Cincinnati in Hamilton County. . . .
Moravian Church: The Unity of the Brethren Church, often referred to as the Moravian Church, was founded during the 1400s in Moravia in central Europe. Several principles guided the members' beliefs. . . .
Moravian Grant: Following the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the federal government opened the Northwest Territory to settlement by white Americans. Numerous white Americans either purchased or received land from the Confederation Congress and then, beginning in 1789, the United States government. One such group to receive land was the Moravians. . . .
Moulton, Lydia: Lydia Moulton was an early settler of Marietta, Ohio. A group of real estate speculators, the Ohio Company of Associates, founded Marietta, originally known as Adelphia, in 1788. . . .
Moulton, William: William Moulton was one of the original settlers of Marietta, Ohio. A group of real estate speculators, the Ohio Company of Associates, founded Marietta, originally known as Adelphia, in 1788. . . .
Munsee Indians: The Munsee Indians were part of the Delaware Indians, although they lived separately from the Delaware nation for most of their existence. . . .
Netawatwees: Newcomer was born around 1686. His Indian name was Netawatwees. He eventually became the leader of the Turtle Clan of the Delaware Indians in the Ohio Country. . . .
Newark, Ohio: Newark is the county seat of Licking County. . . .
Newburgh Petition: The Newburgh Petition was an effort by officers in the Continental Army to be paid in land rather than money in the closing years of the American Revolution. . . .
Newcomerstown, Ohio: Newcomerstown began as a small village east of modern-day Coshocton. In 1750, Christopher Gist reported that a small number of English colonists nearby. . . .
North and East of the First Principal Meridian District: The South and East of the First Principal Meridian District and the North and East of the First Principal Meridian District were two land divisions in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Northwest Ordinance: On July 13, 1787, the Confederation Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance. The act created a system of government for the Northwest Territory. It also specified how the various parts of the Northwest Territory could become states. . . .
Northwest Ordinance (Transcript): Transcript of "An Ordinance for the government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio. " . . .
Northwest Territory: On July 13, 1787, the Confederation Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance. The act created the Northwest Territory. It also established a form of government and specified how the various parts of the Northwest Territory could become states. . . .
Ohio: Ohio is the seventeenth state within the United States of America. . . .
Ohio Company: In 1748, several wealthy Virginians, including George Washington, established the Ohio Company. The investors hoped to secure lands west of the Appalachian Mountains from the English government. . . .
Ohio Company of Associates: In 1786, a group of men in Massachusetts, including General Rufus Putnam and Brigadier General Benjamin Tupper, founded the Ohio Company of Associates, a real estate company. . . .
Ohio Constitution of 1803: The Ohio Constitution of 1803 was Ohio's first state constitution. . . .
Ohio Constitution of 1803 (Transcript): Transcript of Ohio's original constitution, drafted in 1802 and approved by Congress in 1803 . . .
Ohio Constitutional Convention of 1802: The Ohio Constitutional Convention of 1802 drafted Ohio's first state constitution. . . .
Ohio Country: The Ohio Country was the name given to the territory roughly west of the Appalachian Mountains and north of the Ohio River prior to the American Revolution. . . .
Ohio Defense Corps: The Ohio Defense Corps had its roots in the Ohio Militia, which was formed in 1803. . . .
Ohio General Assembly: The General Assembly is the legislative branch of Ohio’s government. This body consists of the Ohio House and the Ohio Senate. Ohio’s original constitution, the Constitution of 1803, created the General Assembly. . . .
Ohio Governor's Office: The Ohio Constitution of 1803 established the Ohio Governor's Office. . . .
Ohio Indian Wars: The Ohio Indian Wars were a series of struggles between white settlers from the newly independent United States and Native American residents of the Ohio Country in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Ohio Legislature: The General Assembly is the legislative branch of Ohio’s government. This body consists of the Ohio House and the Ohio Senate. . . .
Ohio Military Reserve: The Ohio Military Reserve had its roots in the Ohio Militia, which was formed in 1803. At that time, every state within the United States had its own militia. . . .
Ohio Militia: The Ohio Militia was formed in 1803. At that time, every state within the United States had its own militia. . . .
Ohio River: The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It ends approximately 900 miles downstream at Cairo, Illinois, where it flows into the Mississippi River. . . .
Ohio Supreme Court: The Ohio Constitution of 1803 established the Supreme Court of Ohio. Initially, this court consisted of three justices, who served as the highest legal body in the state. . . .
Ohio University: Manasseh Cutler generally receives credit for establishing Ohio University at Athens, Ohio in 1804. Cutler and the other investors in the Ohio Company of Associates followed the terms of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and set aside land for the establishment of a public university. . . .
Ohio's Early Historic Periods Timeline: A timeline of Ohio's Major Historic Periods. . . .
Ojibwa Indians: The Ojibwa Indians, also known as the Chippewa Indians, lived mainly in Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Ontario, Canada at the time of European contact. They were part of the Algonquian Indians. . . .
Old Maid's Kitchen: American Indians formerly used Old Maid's Kitchen, which also is known as Mary Campbell Cave, for shelter and to house white captives. . . .
Ordinance of 1784: The Ordinance of 1784 was an early effort by the government of the newly formed United States to deal with the territory north and west of the Ohio River. . . .
Ottawa Indians: The Ottawa Indians originally lived along the Ottawa River in eastern Ontario and western Quebec at the time of European arrival in the early 1600s. They moved into northern Ohio around 1740. . . .
Over-the-Rhine, Ohio: Over-the-Rhine is a Cincinnati, Ohio neighborhood located north of downtown. Approximately half of the neighborhood was incorporated into the city in 1802. . . .
Patterson, Robert: Robert Patterson was a soldier and early settler in Ohio after the American Revolution. . . .
Pease, Seth: Seth Pease helped survey the Connecticut Western Reserve in the late 1790s. . . .
Phelps, Oliver: Oliver Phelps was a political leader, soldier and early investor in land in Ohio after the American Revolution. . . .
Philipps Cemetery: The Philipps Cemetery is one of the oldest family cemeteries in Ohio. Most people interred in the cemetery were descendents of Welsh immigrants. . . .
Phillips, Thomas: Thomas Phillips (sometimes reported as Phillipps or Philipps) was one of the first Welsh migrants to Ohio in the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries. . . .
Piankashaw Indians: The Piankashaw Indians were members of the Miami Indians, although they lived apart from the Miami nation. . . .
Pickaway Plains: The Pickaway Plains are located south of Circleville in central Ohio. They are a series of rolling hills that once were covered with prairie. Sand and rock deposits left behind as glaciers retreated created these hills. . . .
Pickawillany: The Miami Indians settled the town of Pickawillany in 1747. The village was located on the Great Miami River in western Ohio, near modern-day City of Piqua, Ohio. . . .
Playfair, William: William Playfair (1759-1823) was a real estate speculator in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Pontiac: Pontiac was born circa 1720. His father was an Ottawa Indian, and his mother was a Chippewa. His family raised Pontiac as an Ottawa, although he had numerous friends among his mother's people. . . .
Pontiac's Rebellion: Pontiac's Rebellion was an Indian uprising that occurred immediately following the French and Indian War. . . .
Portage Path: Portage Path was an important American Indian transportation route in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. . . .
Portsmouth, Ohio: Portsmouth is the county seat of Scioto County, Ohio. . . .
Potawatomi Indians: The Potawatomi Indians lived mainly in Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Ontario, Canada at the time of European contact in the early 1600s. They were part of the Algonquian Indians. . . .
Presbyterian Church: The Presbyterian Church is a Protestant Christian religious denomination that was founded in the 1500s. Control of the Church is divided between the clergy and the congregants. Many of the religious movements that originated during the Protestant Reformation were more democratic in organization. . . .
Proclamation of 1763: The Proclamation of 1763 forbade English colonists to live west of the Appalachian Mountains. . . .
Putnam, Israel: Israel Putnam was a political and military leader during and after the American Revolution. . . .
Putnam, Rufus: Rufus Putnam was a soldier and early settler of Ohio after the American Revolution. . . .
Quakers: The Society of Friends, more commonly known as the Quakers, came to Ohio in the late 1700s and the early 1800s. The first Quaker to arrive in Ohio was George Harlan in 1795. By 1800, approximately eight hundred Quaker families were living in Ohio. . . .
Quebec Act: In 1774, the English Parliament enacted the Quebec Act. The Quebec Act gave the English colony of Quebec control of all lands west of the Appalachian Mountains and north of the Ohio River. . . .
Quinby, Ephraim: Ephraim Quinby was the founder of Warren, Ohio. . . .
Ravenna, Ohio: Ravenna is the county seat of Portage County, Ohio. . . .
Real Estate Speculators: Real estate speculators, people who sought to purchase land cheaply and then resell it for a profit, were among the first European settlers of what would become Ohio. . . .
Rees, Theophilus: Theophilus Rees was one of the first Welsh migrants to Ohio in the late eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries. . . .
Reform Judaism: Reform Judaism emerged by the late 1700s in Europe. Historically, Christians and other faiths around the world had discriminated against Jewish people. Beginning in the late eighteenth century, some nations began to relax restrictions on Jews and provided them with more economic, social, and political opportunities. . . .
Refugee Tract: The Refugee Tract was one of the early land divisions in Ohio during the late eighteenth century. . . .
Ross County: On August 20, 1798, the government of the Northwest Territory authorized the creation of Ross County. Governor Arthur St. Clair named the county in honor of his friend James Ross. . . .
Salem Grant: Following the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the federal government opened the Northwest Territory to settlement by white Americans. Numerous white Americans either purchased or received land from the Confederation Congress and then, beginning in 1789, the United States government. One such group to receive land was the Moravians. . . .
Salt Sections: In 1824, the United States Congress gave the State of Ohio approximately four thousand acres of Congress Lands in Delaware County, Ohio and an entire township in Jackson County, Ohio. This grant became known as the Salt Sections. . . .
Sargent, Winthrop: Winthrop Sargent was the first Secretary of the Northwest Territory. . . .
Sauk Indians: The Sauk Indians lived in Michigan and Wisconsin. The Sauks were part of the Algonquian Indians. . . .
Schoenbrunn: In 1772, David Zeisberger, a missionary of the Moravian Church, established the village of Schoenbrunn on the Tuscarawas River, near present-day New Philadelphia. The word Schoenbrunn means "beautiful spring" in German. The purpose of this community was to provide Moravian missionaries a place to teach Christianity to Native Americans residing in Ohio. . . .
Schoenbrunn Grant: Following the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, the federal government opened the Northwest Territory to settlement by white Americans. Numerous white Americans either purchased or received land from the Confederation Congress and then, beginning in 1789, the United States government. One such group to receive land was the Moravians. . . .
Scioto Company: The Scioto Company was involved in land investment and development in the Ohio Country beginning in 1789. Among the company's stockholders were Winthrop Sargent and Manasseh Cutler. . . .
Scioto County: On March 24, 1803, the State of Ohio authorized the creation of Scioto County. Residents took the county's name from a Native American word referring to the deer that were plentiful in the area. . . .
Seneca Indians: The Seneca Indian people living in Ohio during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were related to the Seneca Indian tribe of New York. The Seneca in New York were one of the most powerful members of the Iroquois confederacy. . . .
Seven Ranges: The Seven Ranges was the first area to be surveyed by the American government as part of the Northwest Territory. . . .
Shakers: The Shakers are a Christian religious group that originated in Great Britain circa 1750. The official name of the denomination is the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Coming. The founders of the Shakers were James and Jane Wardley. . . .
Shandy Hall: Shandy Hall is a museum in Geneva, Ohio. . . .
Shannopin's Town: Shannopin's Town was a Delaware Indian village. It was located near the site of modern-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. . . .
Shawnee Indians: The Shawnee Indians were living in the Ohio Valley as early as the late 1600s. The Iroquois Indians were unwilling to share these rich hunting grounds and drove the Shawnees away. . . .
Siege of Fort Recovery: In 1792, President George Washington appointed Anthony Wayne as the commander of the United States Army of the Northwest, currently serving in the Northwest Territory. The major purpose of this army was to defend American settlers from Indian attack. . . .
Smith, James: James Smith was a frontiersman and early settler of the Ohio River Valley in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Smith, John: John Smith was a clergyman and political leader in the early years of Ohio statehood. . . .
Society of Friends: The Society of Friends, more commonly known as the Quakers, came to Ohio in the late 1700s and the early 1800s. . . .
Society of Jesus: The Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits, is a significant religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. At the start of the twenty-first century, there were approximately twenty thousand Jesuits. . . .
Society of the Cincinnati: Following the American Revolution, some Continental Army officers formed the Society of the Cincinnati. They named the organization after Roman dictator Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, who had left retirement as a farmer to lead the Romans to victory over their enemies. . . .
South and East of the First Principal Meridian District: The South and East of the First Principal Meridian District and the North and East of the First Principal Meridian District were two land divisions in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Spafford, Amos: Amos Spafford helped survey the Connecticut Western Reserve in the late 1790s. He also was one of the first settlers of Cleveland, Ohio. . . .
Springfield, Ohio: Springfield is the county seat of Clark County, Ohio. . . .
Squatters: Squatters were people who illegally moved onto unoccupied land along the frontier and claimed that land as their own. . . .
Squaw Campaign: In 1778, General Edward Hand, the American military commander at Fort Pitt, decided to punish the Mingo Indians in the Ohio Country for siding with the British. . . .
St. Clair's Defeat: St. Clair's Defeat was a major confrontation between the armed forces of the United States and the Native Americans of the Northwest Territory. It was the worst defeat of the United States Army at the hands of Native Americans. . . .
St. Clair, Arthur: Arthur St. Clair was a political and military leader in the Ohio country in the years of the American Revolution and the new nation. He was the first governor of the Northwest Territory. . . .
St. Clairsville, Ohio: St. Clairsville is the county seat of Belmont County, Ohio. . . .
State of Ohio: Ohio is the seventeenth state within the United States of America. . . .
Steubenville, Ohio: Steubenville is the county seat of Jefferson County, Ohio. . . .
Sullivant, Lucas: Lucas Sullivant was a surveyor, soldier and settler in central Ohio in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Supreme Court of Ohio: The Ohio Constitution of 1803 established the Supreme Court of Ohio. Initially, the court consisted of three justices. The Ohio legislature initially appointed the justices to the Supreme Court. Plaintiffs and defendants could appeal the decisions of the Court of Common Pleas to the Supreme Court of Ohio. . . .
Surveying and Selling the Land: After the American Revolution, the United States held or claimed most of the land between the Canadian border and the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River. . . .
Surveying the Land: Accurate land descriptions were necessary for the sale of land. The Land Ordinance of 1785, established a federal survey method for dividing public lands into usable sections. This led to a system that uses north-south and east-west lines. . . .
Swedenborgian Church: Swedenborgians, also known as members of the Church of the New Jerusalem, are followers of eighteenth-century Swedish scientist and theologian Emanuel Swedenborg. . . .
Symmes Purchase: The Symmes Purchase was an early land division in the region of what would become Ohio. . . .
Symmes, John C.: John Cleves Symmes was a political leader, businessman, and real estate entrepreneur in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Tarhe: Tarhe was born near present-day Detroit, Michigan, in 1742. He was a Wyandot Indian and eventually became one of the leaders of his people. Tarhe was also known by the nickname "The Crane." Some accounts state that this name is in reference to his tall, slender build. . . .
Tiffin, Edward: Edward Tiffin was the first governor of Ohio. . . .
Township: Townships are relatively small pieces of land (usually no larger than thirty-six square miles). They are created to designate landownership or to establish a form of local government. Within the United States, there are two different types of townships. . . .
Treaty of Fort Finney (1786): In 1785, the Confederation Congress dispatched Richard Butler and Samuel Holden Parsons to negotiate a treaty with the Shawnee Indians. . . .
Treaty of Fort Finney (1786) (Transcript): Articles of a Treaty concluded at the Mouth of the Great Miami, on the North-western Bank of the Ohio, the thirty-first day of January, one thousand seven hundred arid eighty-six, between the Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, of the one Part, and the Chiefs and Warriors of the Shawnoe Nation, of the other Part. . . .
Treaty of Fort Harmar (1789): During the late 1780s, the Northwest Territory was a violent place as American settlers moved onto land that Native Americans claimed as their own. . . .
Treaty of Fort Harmar (1789) (Transcript): Articles of a Treaty Made at Fort Harmar, between Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Territory of the United States North-West of the River Ohio, and Commissioner Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, for removing all Causes of Controversy, regulating Trade, and settling Boundaries, with the India Nations in the Northern Department, . . .
Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785): In 1785, the Confederation Congress sent George Rogers Clark, Arthur Lee, and Richard Butler to the Ohio Country to negotiate a treaty with the Delaware Indians, the Wyandot Indians, the Ottawa Indians, and the Chippewa Indians. The treaty negotiations took place at Fort McIntosh. . . .
Treaty of Fort McIntosh (1785) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty concluded at Fort M'Intosh, the twenty-first day of January, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-five, between the Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, of the one part, and the Sachems and Warriors of the Wiandot, Delaware, Chippawa, and Ottawa Nations of the other. . . .
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768): In 1768, the Iroquois Indians and the English signed a treaty at Fort Stanwix. . . .
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784): In 1784, the government of the newly independent United States entered into a treaty with the Six Nations of the Iroquois. . . .
Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784) (Transcript): Articles concluded at Fort Stanwix, or the twenty-second day of October, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four, between Oliver Wolcott, Richard Butler, and Arthur Lee, Commissioners Plenipotentiary from the United States, in Congress assembled, on the one Part, and the Sachems and Warriors of the Six Nations, on the other. . . .
Treaty of Greeneville (1795): On August 20, 1794, an American army commanded by Anthony Wayne defeated a Native American force led by Blue Jacket of the Shawnee at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. With this victory, Indians living in the western portion of modern-day Ohio knew that they had to sue for peace. . . .
Treaty of Greeneville (1795) (Transcript): A treaty of peace between the United States of America, and the tribes of Indians called the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawanees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pattawatimas, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws, and Kaskaskias. . . .
Treaty of Paris (1763): The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War. For seven years England and their colonists had battled against the French and their Native American allies. The war had originated in North America, but it quickly encompassed Europe, Africa, and India as well. . . .
Treaty of Paris (1763) (Transcript): Transcript of the Treaty of Paris of 1763 . . .
Treaty of Paris (1783): The Treaty of Paris (1783) formally brought the American Revolution to a close. England recognized the independence of the United States. In addition, the United States secured all of the land east of the Mississippi River except for British possessions in Canada and Spanish territory in Florida. . . .
Treaty of Paris (1783) (Transcript): Original text of the Treaty of Paris (1783). . . .
Treaty with the Delawares (1778): In 1778, during the American Revolution, the Continental Congress sent representatives to negotiate a treaty with the Delaware Indians, who resided in the Ohio Country. . . .
Treaty with the Delawares (1778) (Transcript): Articles of agreement and confederation, made and entered into by Andrew and Thomas Lewis, Esquires, Commissioners for, and in Behalf of the United States of North-America of the one Part, and Capt. White Eyes, Capt. John Kill Buck, Junior, and Capt. Pipe, Deputies and Chief Men of the Delaware Nation of the other Part. . . .
Treaty with the Six Nations (1789) (Fort Harmar): In 1789, representatives of the Tuscaroras, the Onondagas, the Oneidas, the Senecas, and the Cayugas met with Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, at Fort Harmar near present-day Marietta, Ohio. . . .
Treaty with the Six Nations (1789) (Ft. Harmar) (Transcript): Articles of a treaty made at Fort Harmar, the ninth day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine, between Arthur St. Clair, esquire, Governor of the territory of the United States of America, northwest of the river Ohio, and Commissioner plenipotentiary of the said United States, for removing all causes of controversy, regulating trade, arid settling boundaries, between the Indian nations in the northerly department and the said United States, of the one part, and the sachems and warriors of the Six Nations, of the other part: . . .
Trumbull County: On July 10, 1800, the government of the Northwest Territory authorized the creation of Trumbull County. It originally was a portion of the Connecticut Western Reserve. The county was named in honor of Connecticut Governor Jonathan Trumbull. . . .
Tupper, Benjamin: Benjamin Tupper was a prominent early settler of the Northwest Territory. . . .
Turnpike Lands: In 1827, the United States Congress gave the State of Ohio 31,360 acres of Congress Lands. This grant became known as the Turnpike Lands. . . .
Turnpikes: In the early years of Ohio statehood, there were a limited number of roads linking various parts of the state. These routes included Zane's Trace, some old army roads, and the National Road. . . .
Twelve-Mile Square Reservation: The Twelve-Mile Square Reservation was a land division in the Northwest Territory. . . .
Unitarian Church: Unitarianism is a Christian religious denomination. Unitarians believe that God is only one person. Unitarians reject the Trinity and do not believe that Jesus Christ was the Son of God. Followers of Unitarianism also do not accept the concepts of original sin and of eternal punishment for sins committed on earth. . . .
United Methodist Church: The Methodist Church began in 1729, at the University of Oxford in England. A group of students met to study Christian religious subjects. They followed a very methodical manner to celebrate their faith, and critics referred to them as Methodists as a result. . . .
United States Constitution: The Constitution is the fundamental law of the United States of America and is the oldest written constitution still in effect in the world. . . .
United States Constitution (Transcript): Transcript of the United States Constitution . . .
United States Military District: The land in the United States Military District in what is now central Ohio was reserved for veterans of the American Revolution. During the war, American soldiers were issued land warrants to help compensate for their service. . . .
United States of America v. Langham & Johnston: The court case United States of America v. Langham & Johnston illustrates the poor status of the legal system in the Northwest Territory and in the wider United States of America during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. . . .
Universalist Church: Universalism is a religious denomination that shares many of the same beliefs as Christianity, but it does not accept all Christian teachings. Its followers believe that all persons can find salvation and that the souls of all people are in a constant search for improvement. . . .
Varnum, James: James Varnum was an early American political leader and one of the first judges of the Northwest Territory in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Virginia Military District: In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Virginia Military District was an early land division in what would eventually become Ohio. . . .
Warren County: On March 24, 1803, the State of Ohio authorized the creation of Warren County. Residents named the county in honor of General Joseph Warren, a hero of the American Revolution. Many of the county's earliest settlers were members of various religious groups, including the Shakers and the Quakers. . . .
Warren, Ohio: Warren is the county seat of Trumbull County, Ohio. . . .
Washington County: On July 27, 1788, the government of the Northwest Territory authorized the creation of Washington County. Residents named the county in honor of George Washington, a hero of the American Revolution and the first President of the United States. . . .
Washington, George: George Washington was the first president of the United States. He was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on February 22, 1732. . . .
Wayne County: In 1796, the government of the Northwest Territory authorized the creation of Wayne County. Residents named the county in honor General Anthony Wayne, the victor at the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. . . .
Wayne, Anthony: Anthony Wayne was an important American military leader during and after the American Revolution. . . .
Wells, William: William Wells was one of the best known frontiersmen in the Ohio Country in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Welsh Hills, Ohio: Welsh Hills was one of the earliest communities established in Licking County, Ohio. Founded in 1802, its earliest settlers were migrants from Wales. . . .
Western Reserve: The Connecticut Western Reserve (also known as the Western Reserve) was an area in the Northwest Territory held, sold and distributed by the State of Connecticut in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Wetzel, Lewis: Lewis Wetzel was a well-known and controversial frontiersman who lived in the Ohio Country in the years of the American Revolution and the early nation. . . .
Weyapiersenwah: Blue Jacket was a leader of the Shawnee Indians. The date of his birth is unknown, but it was probably in the early 1740s. His Native American name was Weyapiersenwah (also spelled Wehyehpiherhsehnwah). Historians know very little of his early years. . . .
Williamson, David: David Williamson was a militia officer and public official in the Ohio Country in the years of the American Revolution and the early nation. . . .
Worthington, Thomas: Thomas Worthington was an early Midwestern political leader and the sixth governor of Ohio. . . .
Wyandot Indians: The Wyandot Indians originally lived in southern Ontario. They were also called Hurons. But they called themselves "wendat" which in time became "Wyandot" or "Wyandotte." . . .
Youngstown, Ohio: Youngstown is the county seat of Mahoning County, Ohio. . . .
Zane's Trace: Zane's Trace was an early road in the Northwest Territory that connected Wheeling, Virginia, to Limestone, Kentucky (present-day Maysville). . . .
Zane, Ebenezer: Ebenezer Zane was an early settler and town builder in the Ohio Country in the years after the American Revolution. . . .
Zanesville, Ohio: Zanesville is the county seat of Muskingum County. . . .
Zeisberger, David: David Zeisberger was a Moravian missionary in the Ohio Country during the American Revolution and the early years of the new nation. . . .